III. THE PHARAOH OF JOSEPH. UT, it will be asked, what was the name of this Pharaoh, and what place did he occupy in the succession of Hykshos kings? BUT It is Tradition, represented by the Byzantine monk, George Syncellus before mentioned, and also by John of Antioch, of whose work only a few fragments are preserved (see Müller: Fragmenta historicorum græcorum, vol. iv., p. 555), assigns the name of Aphobis to the Pharaoh whose dream was interpreted by Joseph. Now Aphobis, or Aphophis, is the Greek way of writing Apapi; and Apapi was a name borne by at least two Hykshos rulers, one of whom belongs to the 15th and one to the 17th dynasty. Of the first Apapi nothing is known but his name. the second Apapi under whom Joseph is believed to have flourished; and this Apapi-the Apapi of the 17th dynasty-was the last of the Hykshos kings. It was in his time that a tributary prince of Thebes, Rasekenen Ta-aken, raised the war of national independence which ended in the expulsion of the shepherds. Sphinxes and statues engraved with the name of Apapi have been found in the mounds of San (the Zoan of the Bible) where the Hykshos established their capital; and a succinct contemporary account of the war of independence is found at El Kab, Upper Egypt, sculptured on the walls of the tomb of a certain naval officer named Aahmes, whose father served on the legitimate side under Rasekenen Ta-aken, and who was himself distinguished for personal valour throughout the Later campaigns of that same war, when the fortresses of A varis and Sherohan were besieged and taken, and the Hyk shos were driven from their last strongholds. In Apapi II., therefore, we are dealing with an historical personage; and in all that relates to the war of liberation and the expulsion of the usurpers, we are dealing with historical facts. The Sphinxes of Apapi are humanheaded, and in their hard-featured, melancholy faces not only preserve the record of a singular and distinct Asiatic or Asiatic-Scythian type, but in all probability hand down to us the portrait of the king himself. The fortress-camp of Avaris (in Egyptian Ha-uar) exists to this day in the mounds of Tel Herr; and as for Rasekenen Ta-aken, Prince of Thebes, and King Ahmes I., by whom Apapi was expelled and Avaris captured, their mummies were both found last summer in the famous hiding-place at Dayr-elBaharee, and are now on view in the Museum of Boolak. Historians are agreed in representing the war of liberation as a very long war, and Professor Maspero attributes to it a duration of more than 150 years. I venture, however, to think that the hypothesis which makes Joseph the interpreter of Apapi's dream is incompatible with the hypothesis of so very long a war. I would even go so far as to suggest that Joseph must not only have risen to power under some earlier Hykshos king, but that the war did not, in all probability, last longer than thirty years. Let us first take the internal evidence of the Bible narrative. That narrative relates to the youth and prime of Joseph, and the scene is evidently laid in a time of profound peace. There is plenty in the land, and there is famine in the land, and people come from far and near to buy and sell; but there is no hint of either internal or external strife. It is even said that Joseph, after he had bought up the land for Pharaoh, removed the people to cities "from one end of the borders of Egypt even to the other end thereof;" a precautionary measure which, by the way, was peculiarly Egyptian, and which Rameses II. is especially recorded to have taken in dealing with captives from the north and captives from the south, whom he transplanted in enormous gangs, from one extremity of the country to the other. But neither Rameses II. nor Joseph could have so transplanted large bodies of either citizens or captives, if the whole of Upper Egypt had been in arms. Seeing, also, with what minuteness of detail the early biography of Joseph is given, it seems impossible that no mention should be made of a harassing and prolonged civil war, if war had at that time distracted the country. Besides, it is expressly stated that "Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh ;" and although the age at which he is said to have died-namely, 110 years was a typical phrase in use among the ancient Egyptians to express the ideal length of days, and is, therefore, not perhaps to be accepted literally, yet it is certain that Joseph lived to be a very aged man; so aged that he may well have flourished under two, or even under three, Pharaohs. Be this as it may, however, I do not think we can be very far wrong if we place the promotion of Joseph under the predecessor of Apapi; nor if we conclude that, having, as an old man, witnessed the beginning and greater part of the war of liberation, he died, was embalmed, and "put in a coffin in Egypt," towards the end of the reign of Apapi, the last Hykshos king. The immediate predecessor of Apapi is identified by Dr. Birch* with a certain Hykshos Pharaoh called Sut-aa-pehpeh (or Sut-aa-peh-ti) Nubti, whose name appears on a tablet discovered by the late Mariette Pasha in the ruins of San (the Zoan of the Hebrews, the Tanis of the Greeks), where the Hykshos established their capital city. In this tablet, which was put up by a certain governor of the province who held office under Rameses II., it is recorded that the king ordered the tablet to be made in honour of his ancestors, and that the governor came to Zoan "on the 4th day of the month of Mesori (the twelfth month of the year) of the 400th year of Sut-aa-peh-peh Nubti, Son of the Sun," in order to be present at the festival of its installation. * See "Records of the Past," vol. vi. p. 36. KNOWLEDGE 'The interest of this tablet," says Mariette Pasha, in his Appendix to the Catalogue of the Boolak Museum, "centres in the date. This date is not Egyptian; it is Egypto-Asiatic, as were the inhabitants of Tanis. hundred years before, a shepherd-king, the Nubti of our Four tablet, had endowed the Hykshos with a fixed calendar grafted upon the sacred year of the Egyptians. It is from this calendar that the date of the tablet is taken, so furnishing an additional proof that in Lower Egypt, under Rameses II., there yet existed a stock of alien races whom the civilisation of Egypt had not entirely deprived of their autonomy." In other words, the Hykshos calendar was still in use in the time of Rameses II., four hundred years after its institution by Sut-aa-peh-peh Nubti. This festival of the erection of the tablet was accordingly said to have taken place in the year of Nubti 400; just as an event in the history of a Mohammedan country would be reckoned from the Hegira, or Year of the Flight; or as an event in the history of a Christian country would be reckoned from the Christian era. Unfortunately, the regnal year of Rameses II. is not given; and there is nothing in the text of the tablet to show at what period in the life of this famous Pharaoh the festival of the tablet was commemorated. fore only know that the 400th centenary of the Hykshos We there era coincided with one of the sixty-seven years of the long reign of Rameses II. The coincidence is too vague to be called a synchronism; yet, despite its vagueness, it affords a kind of basis for rough calculation. (To be continued.) THE Garden of the Gods in Colorado is a bit of show a theatre, studded with vast ledges and cliffs of red sandstone, kinds of entomologists: one kind, now, let us hope, rapidly Like many other ants, these little honey-eaters are divided into different castes or classes; for besides the primary division into queens or fertile females, winged ants or males, and workers or neuters, the last-named class is further sub-divided into three castes of majors, minors, and minims or dwarfs. But the special peculiarity which gives so much interest to this species is the fact that it apparently at least, a fourth caste, that of the honeypossesses, bearers, whose abdomen is distended till it is almost spherical by a vast quantity of nectar stored within it. Dr. McCook opened several of the nests, and found these honey-bearers suspended like flies from the ceiling, to which they clung by their legs and appendages. All over the vaulted dome of the ant-hill, these little creatures were clustered in numbers, their yellow bodies pressed tight to the roof, while their big round stomachs hung down behind showing the amber honey distinctly through the distended from the slender waist, perfect globes of translucent tissue, skin. They looked like large white currants, or sweetwater grapes; and as they were actually filled with grapesugar, the resemblance was really quite as true inside as out. Where did the honey come from? That was the next question. Everybody knows that ants are very fond of sugar, and they often steal the nectar in flowers which the plant has put there to entice the fertilising bee. So much damage do they do in this way, that many plants have clothed their stalks with hairs, or sticky glands, on purpose, in order to prevent the ants from creeping up the stem and rifling the nectary. In other cases, however, plants actually lay by honey to allure the ants, when they have anything to gain from their visits, as in the case of those Central American acacias, mentioned by Mr. Belt, which have a ants, which so protect them from the ravages of their leafnectar-gland on the leaf-stalk to attract certain bellicose cutting congeners. Of course, everybody has heard, too, how plant-lice, which have often been described as ant-cows. But our own species sucks honeydew from the little aphides, or it is not in either of these ways that the honey-ants get their sugar. Dr. McCook had a little trouble in settling this matter at first, for the honey ants are a nocturnal species, and he had to follow them through the thick scrub, lantern in hand; still, he satisfactorily settled at last that they obtain the nectar from the galls on an oak, where it must simply be exuded as an accidental product of injury. The workers take it home with them, and give it to the honeybearers, who swallow but do not digest it. They keep it in their crops ready for use, exactly as bees keep it in cells of the honey-comb. When the workers are hungry they caress a honey-bearer with their antennæ, whereupon she presses back a little of the nectar up her throat, and the workers sip it from her mouth. The honey-bearers, in short, have been converted into living honey-jars. They curiously-ordered commonwealth they also serve who only are thus passively useful to the community, for in this stand and wait. brought about? How could such a strange result as this have been Dr. McCook, though not himself an avowed evolutionist, has supplied us with facts which seem to suggest the proper answer to this difficult question. He has shown that the rotunds (as he calls them) are not, in all probability, a separate caste, but are merely certain specialised individuals taken at haphazard from the workermajor class. He saw himself in the nests many workermajors, which seemed at that moment actually in course of transformation into honey-bearers. Now, it is easy enough to understand why these social insects should wish to store up food against emergencies. At all times, the queen, the young female ants, the males, and the grubs or larvæ are entirely dependent upon others for support. among bees and ants, stores of food Hence, alike laid by, sometimes in the form of honey in combs are habitually and bee-bread, as with the hive-bee; the form of seeds and grains, as with the harvesting ants. sometimes in During the winter months or the rainy season, when food the demand of the starving community. fails outdoors, there must be some reservoir at home to meet cumstances, any trick of manner which tended to produce Under such cir a habit of storing food would be highly useful to the nest as a whole; and, taking nests as units in the struggle for existence, which they really are, those nests which possessed any such trick would survive in seasons when others might perish. So the tendency, once set up, would grow and be strengthened from generation to generation, those ants which stored most food being most likely to tide over bad times, and to hand on their own peculiarities to the other swarms or nests which took origin from them. A set of primitive ants, living upon the honey of the oak-galls, have no tendency to produce wax, like bees, because their habits with regard to their larvæ do not lead them to make such cells at all. The eggs and grubs simply lie about loose amongst the chambers of the anthill, instead of being confined in regular hexagonal cradles. Hence the bees' mode of honey-storing is practically impossible for them: they have not the groundwork habit from which it might be developed. But the ants have a crop, or first stomach, in which they store their undigested food, before passing it into the gizzard, exactly as in fowls. When ants come back from feeding, whether on flowers, on aphides, or on galls, their crops are very much distended; and they can bring back the food to their mouths from these distended crops, to supply the grubs and their other helpless dependents in the nest. If, therefore, some of the ants were largely to over-eat themselves, they would be able to feed an exceptionally large number of dependants. Dr. McCook observed that some very greedy workers, returning to the nest, fastened themselves upon the roof in the same position as the honey-bearers, and in fact seemed gradually to grow into rotunds. The other ants would soon learn that such lazy, overgrown creatures were the best to go to for food; and, in time, these gorgers might easily become specialised into a honey-bearing set of insects. The workers would bring them honey, which they would store up and disgorge as needed for the benefit of the rest as a whole. If the honey passed into their gizzards and was digested, they would be a positive dead loss to the community, and so the tendency would soon be eliminated by natural selection, because the nests possessing such workers could not hold their own in bad times against neighbouring communities. But as only a very small quantity is ever digested-just as much as is necessary to keep up the sedentary life of such immovable fixturesthe effect is about the same as if the honey were stored in cells of wax. The ants, in fact, utilise the only good vessel or utensil they have at their disposal, the flexible and extensible abdomen of their own comrades. The greatest difficulty is to understand how the workers first acquired the habit of feeding these lazy members to such repletion; but as all ants "take toll" of one another, this is much less of a crux than it looks at first sight. A very greedy ant, which not only ate much itself while out foraging, but also took toll of all others in the nest, after it was too full to move about readily, would be in a fair way to become a rotund. And as it would thus be performing a useful function for the rest, at the same time that it was gratifying its own epicurean tastes, the habit would soon become fixed and specialised, till at last we should get just such a regular and settled form of honey-storing as we see in this Colorado species. Indeed, another totally distinct type of ant in Australia has arrived at exactly the same device quite separately, as so often happens in nature under similar circumstances. Whatever benefits one creature under any given conditions will also benefit others whose conditions are identical; and thus we often get adaptive resemblances between plants and animals very widely removed from one another in genealogical order. HOW TO RIDE A TRICYCLE. BY JOHN BROWNING (Treasurer of the London Tricycle Club). THE HE greatest disadvantage the tricycle has to contend with is the supposition that anyone can ride it without learning. I have proved the reverse, to my own satisfaction, in the following simple manner :—I have driven a double tricycle with my wife by my side and fifty pounds of luggage behind us for twenty miles without fatigue, while I have ridden with a strong man less than eight miles on the same machine without luggage and been tired out. Yet my wife, on the occasion to which I refer, did not drive, but had her feet on the foot-rests, while the gentleman, being a very powerful man, was, 1 feel certain, exerting twice the strength I was using myself. There seems to me but one possible explanation of this— that riders without practice press down both feet together, pressing one foot down a little harder only than the other, instead of lifting up one foot and pressing down the other at the same time. Again, tricycle riding brings muscles into action that are not used in walking, and these muscles require to be gradually strengthened by practice before either long rides or fast riding are attempted. Many persons having hired a machine, and driven it a few miles, have found it very hard work, and given up all idea of purchasing one. Beginners should restrict themselves for several weeks to riding from five to ten miles at a pace not exceeding six miles an hour. I know one case in which a gentleman bought a tricycle, and against advice rode it home about ten miles. The next day he wrote to the agent and asked him to send for the machine and sell it for any price he could get for it. Another instance I was told of where a gentleman hired a tricycle in the north of London for a week, and paid for it, and started to ride to Portsmouth. In less than two hours he brought the machine back, and asked to return it and forfeit any amount of the payment he had made the maker pleased, adding that he had had enough of it. Hills should never be attempted until the rider can ride well on the level. Considerable practice is required to ride hills without great fatigue. Time and strength are saved in the long run by dismounting as soon as the strain is felt to be at all severe. An exceptionally strong rider may soon succeed in riding up a tolerably steep hill, but he will waste strength which would have carried him at a greater pace or to a further distance if he had husbanded it by dismounting. After a few months' practice the rider will run up hills almost unconsciously which would at first have taxed him severely. Next, as to riding down hill. Choose a machine with a break which is applied to both the driving wheels. When riding on the level or down a slight incline put on the break slowly, but firmly. If it acts efficiently it will bring the machine to a standstill without causing it to swerve to either side. Should it swerve round the rider should not attempt to descend a steep hill on it until the fault has been corrected, under the penalty of being thrown out by its turning over. The swerving is caused by one break acting on one tire more than the break on the other. Machines which drive both wheels by means of what is called a balance gearing from one chain are not liable to this serious fault. In descending a hill on a tricycle with a trustworthy break, the feet should be taken off the pedals and planted firmly on the foot-rests, as the body is steadier, and the machine can be steered more accurately than when the legs are moving rapidly, and the legs are, of course, rested. The machine should not be steered to avoid loose stones when running down hill, the speed should be decreased, and the rider should go straight through them. A tricycle will turn in a much shorter space than a bicycle, but it should never be turned when running quickly. The speed should be reduced to about four or five miles an hour, and the rider should lean over in the direction towards which he wishes to turn. The rule of taking the feet off the pedals when riding down hill will not apply to the Humber Tricycle. That machine throws a great strain on the arms as soon as the feet are taken off the pedals. The feet are, with practice, unconsciously used in steering, and after a time an expert rider can steer this machine without holding the handles. Beginners will find it well not to pull hard at the handles of any tricycle continuously; but to use them scarcely at all when riding down an incline, only moderately when on a level road; and to reserve them principally for use when working on rising ground, when, from having been only occasionally used, they will be a powerful assistance. Their constant use will be found very fatiguing. In all that I am saying I am supposing the rider wishes to travel as far as his strength will allow him, at a pace of about seven or eight miles an hour. Should his only object be to ride at the top of his speed, he must almost stand on his pedals, lean well forward, and pull hard at the handles. A strong rider, with practice, can ride at the rate of twelve miles an hour for two or three hours, and at the rate of ten miles an hour for four or five hours. The amateur champion, Mr. Lacy Hillier, has ridden fifty miles over an exceedingly hilly road in four hours, fourteen minutes. I am often asked to state the comparative speed of bicycles and tricycles. I consider the tricycle is about two miles an hour slower than the bicycle. The remark is frequently made that the tricycle is much harder work than the bicycle. I reply, not at the relative speeds I have named. The tricycle has an immense advantage over the bicycle in being capable of adjustment to the strength of the person who is going to use it. A machine with driving-wheels 54 in. in diameter, geared level, would require a strong and practised rider to drive it up a moderate incline; but by replacing the lower wheel, which carries the chain, with a wheel from an inch to two inches smaller, the machine can be made to run so lightly that it may be driven easily-of course at a slower pace-up moderate inclines by a lady, or even by a child. In Tricycle riding is gaining ground more rapidly even than bicycling. The best makers of well-known machines cannot execute orders under about two months, and makers of one well-known Sociable (that is double tricycle) will not at present accept orders to be executed in a stipulated time. The cranks of double tricycles are made in two ways. one construction the right foot of each driver rises and falls at the same time. In the other the right foot of one driver is half way up when the other is either up or down. This is called putting the crank on the quarter turn. The last arrangement is the best for hill-riding, but is not so convenient or efficient generally, as it gives the appearance and sensation of two scullers in a boat taking strokes alternately a proceeding most ungraceful in appearance, and one by which strength is wasted. The advantages of tricycles over bicycles are numerous and evident. They can be ridden at a slower pace than the bicycle, or stopped at any time, without dismounting, to admire a view, inspect a building, read the direction on a finger-post, or speak to a friend. They will carry almost any amount of luggage. A great many tricycles are now employed by the postmen in country districts for carrying letters and parcels. Policemen and lamplighters are also using them. Tricycling brings more muscles into play than walking, and is a more exhilarating exercise. To the healthy and strong it is even more exhilarating than horse-riding. Our greatest authority on health, Dr. B. W. Richardson, F.R.S., recommends stout people to adopt it, and says that a very stout person will find that he can ride six miles with less fatigue than he can walk one. I know many persons who have given up rowing after a short experience of tricyling, saying that the rush down a breezy hillside is more exciting and exhilarating than a row on either river or sea. I consider that a tricycle-rider has almost as great an advantage over a walker as a rider in a railway train has over a rider in a coach. Where roads are fairly good, a tricyclist can cover six miles with less fatigue than a pedestrian can travel three. It is probable that the rapid increase of tricycling will, before long, cause a great improvement in our country roads. Were they made exceedingly good, ten miles an hour could be ridden on a gearedup or speeded tricycle (in which the wheels would turn round quicker than the cranks moved by the feet) easier than a pedestrian could walk four miles an hour. The rapid improvement being made in double tricycles is inducing many bicyclists to adopt them who have not been tempted by the single tricycle. The weight of a double tricycle is much less than that of two single tricycles, and they can be ridden by two good riders at as great a pace as a bicycle. The enjoyment of riding one of these machines with a friend, particularly with a lady friend, must be tried before it can be fully appreciated. DICK THOUGHT-READING. BY THE EDITOR. "had ICKENS describes another feat which the conjuror performed, which, were it not that the first can only be explained as a feat of mind-ruling, we might explain as a trick merely of legerdemain and quickness of vision. But, under the actual conditions, it seems to indicate powers of mind-reading far more surprising than any ever noticed in parlour experiments. The conjuror several common school-slates about a foot square. He took one of them to a field-officer from the camp, decoré and what not, who sat about six from our seats, with a grave, saturnine friend next him. My General,' says he,' will you write a name on this slate, after your friend has done so? Don't show it me.' The friend wrote a name, and the General wrote a name. The conjuror took the slate rapidly from the officer, threw it violently down on the ground with the written side to the floor, and asked the officer to put his foot on it and keep it there, which he did. The conjuror considered for about a minute, looking devilish hard at the General. 'My General,' says he, 'your friend wrote Dagobert upon the slate under your foot.' The friend admits it. And you, my General, wrote Nicholas.' General admits it, and everybody laughs and applauds. My General, will you excuse me, if I change that name into a name expressive of the power of a great nation, which, in happy alliance with the gallantry and spirit of France, will shake that name to its centre?' [This was in 1854.] Certainly, I will excuse it.' 'My General, take up the slate, and read." General reads: 'DAGOBERT, VICTORIA.' The first in his friend's writing; the second in a new hand. I never saw anything in the least like this; or at all approaching to the absolute certainty, the familiarity, quickness, absence of all machinery, and actual face-to-face, hand-to-hand fairness between the conjuror and the audience with which it was done." It is clear that in this feat there was legerdemain, and (in a sense) machinery, too. Several common school slates were brought in, but one slate only was used. We may be sure this, however it resembled the others, was not, like them, a common school slate; and that the name, Victoria, was already written on it under the surface which was prepared to receive whatever name the General's friend might write. We might also explain the conjuror's knowledge of what the General and his friend had written, by the wonderful quickness and keenness of sight which conjurors obtain with constant practice. That some can tell what name is being written, by watching the movements of the pencil-end remote from the slate or paper, is certain. am disposed, however, to consider this a case of mindreading, after the much more wonderful case cited before, which can only be explained as an instance of mind-ruling. In the following cases it seems doubtful whether mindreading or mind-guiding were in question. Prof. Barrett I tired; and four concluding attempts to guess the name of a town in England were all failures, though one of us had previously obtained remarkable success in this very experiment.' It appears to me that the failures in these and other cases yet to be cited, are as important a part of the evidence in favour of mind-reading or mind-ruling, as the successes. For they tend to show that there was no general system of deception by which the members of the family who had been present when the names were selected informed the children by signals previously agreed upon. However, as it will be obvious that there can be no absolute certainty on this point in cases in which any members of the family knew what was selected, we proceed to consider cases in which only the committee of investigation knew the words or things chosen. (To be continued.) HOW TO GET STRONG. WE have received, through the Editor, a great number is referring to trials made with the children and a young of communications, with which we propose to deal servant-girl of the Rev. Mr. C., of whose personal integrity he was convinced (though, of course, this statement respecting a person unnamed must be taken only for what it is worth, that is, as an expression of opinion). Having selected at random one child, whom we desired to leave the room and wait at some distance, we would choose a card from a pack, or write on paper a number or a name which occurred to us at the moment. Before leaving the room the child had been informed of the general nature of the test we intended to select, as 'this will be a card,' or 'this will be a name.' On re-entering she stood— sometimes turned by us with her face to the wall, often with her eyes directed towards the ground, and usually close to us, and remote from her family-for a period of silence varying from a few seconds to a minute, till she called out to us some number, card, or whatever it might be. . . . The first attempt was to state, without searching, the hiding-place of some small object, the place having been chosen by ourselves, with the full range of the house, and then communicated to the other members of the family. This was effected in one case only out of four. The next attempt was to give the name of some familiar object agreed on in the child's absence, as 'sponge,' 'pepper-caster,' &c. This was successful on a first trial in six cases out of fourteen. We then chose a card from a full pack in the child's absence, and called upon her to name it on her return. This was successful at once in six cases out of thirteen. . . . . A harder trial was now introduced. The maid-servant having left the room, one of us wrote down the name 'Michael Davitt,' showed it round, and then put the paper in his pocket. The door was now opened, and the girl recalled from the end of the passage. She stood close to the door amid absolute silence, and with her eyes on the ground-all of us meanwhile fixing our attention on the appointed name-and gave after a few seconds the name 'Michael,' and then almost immediately Davitt.' To avoid any association of ideas, we then chose imaginary names, made up by ourselves at the moment, as Samuel Morris,' 'John Thomas Parker,' 'Phoebe Wilson.' The names were given correctly in toto, at the first trial in five cases out of ten. Three cases were complete failures, and in two the names given bore a strong resemblance to those selected by us, 'Jacob Williams,' being given as 'Jacob Wild,' and Emily Walker,' as "Enry Walker.' It was now getting late, and both we and the younger children were very consecutively before passing to the consideration of other exercises for the expansion and development of the chest. Several correspondents ask about the instrument called an inspirometer, which is mentioned in a quotation from an American work. We must trust to American readers to answer this question; for we have not ourselves seen or used this instrument. The breathing test, used at various places of amusement, though on a different principle, serves the same purpose when properly used. Very few people seem to know how to use this instrument. The Editor writes to us as follows, very much to the point, on this subject:-"Have you ever noticed what very poor records most persons make with the breathing apparatus, compared with what they can make when they go to work properly? You will see a well-built man, standing some six feet in his stockings, who, advancing to the instrument, will begin to blow, watching the index with a look as if he would send it round to 400 at least, yet will barely mark 200; yet there is nothing wrong with the big fellow's lungs, as from such a record for such a height one might judge. Tell him how to do it, and he will send the index well over 300. I have watched a score of men who ought to reach 250, averaging not more than 150. Then I have taken the tube, and though below the middle height, and too fleshy for full breathing, have sent the index on beyond 200 to 250, to 300 (till people began to ask whether I was breathing out of my boots), and on to 340 or 350-the greatest I have reached being 353. Then one or two have asked me, apart, how the thing was done, and I have explained that before ex-spiring, the breath is to be drawn in till you can draw in no more, and every atom of air so drawn in is to be let out steadily through the tube, none escaping beforehand. I have then seen a man who had just, with utmost efforts, reached 180, go easily above 300." Speaking of fleshiness, it should be added to the usual instructions respecting the use of the breathing apparatus, that any addition to the weight beyond that due to fair condition, is certain to affect the record with the breathing apparatus. Several correspondents ask our opinion of various exercises, as rowing, riding, walking, tricycling, boxing, cricket, &c. It will probably sound paradoxical, after the stress we have laid on the necessity for exercise, to say that we consider each one of these exercises, as pursued by |