Annelid burrows often have some raised or depressed ribs; sometimes they are seen to wind between the ribs, now over, now under them. Although the specimens hitherto obtained do not exhibit a complete series of transitions, it is highly probable that the convex and the more horizontally expanded form belong to one and the same species, more especially as Dawson has found two analogous forms of R. Grenvillensis.

According to Hall and Dawson the allied American forms always occur on the under side of the strata, where these are reposing on shale, and are thus casts of impressions once formed upon the soft clay. Without doubt the same is also the case with the fossil occurring in Vestrogothia, but I have had no opportunity of directly verifying it.

The genus Rhysophycus is still one of the least understood; it has not even been ascertained, whether it be of vegetable or animal origin. Besides, as now defined, it includes objects too heterogeneous. Thus R. clavatus and subangulatus Hall and R. embolus Eichw. seem to have a closer relation to Arthrophycus Harlani (Conrad) Hall, than to the other forms referred to Rhysophycus. R. dispar differs from R. bilobatus and Grenvillensis, chiefly in the greater regularity of the ribs and of the change of their direction, and in the considerably increased breadth of the longitudinal furrow. In other respects those three species have so much in common, that they must be considered as closely related, and interpreted in the same way. I can find no reason with Hall to refer them to the Algæ. If they were of that origin, we might expect to find a stem or axis. Dawson, who has especially examined the R. Grenvillensis, believes the more horizontally expanded form to be the cast of the tracks of some Trilobite, and the convex to be the cast of a hole excavated by the Trilobite for shelter or repose. He therefore alters the generic name into Rusichnites. This interpretation does not seem an unreasonable account of the horizontal form, but it does not explain so well the convex form; especially since it is difficult to understand how the ribs could have got the direction they have in R. dispar. The further objection that no Trilobites or other Crustacea are found in the lower Cambrian sandstone of Vestrogothia, is of less importance, as from the discoveries already made it is probable that even Trilobites lived when this layer was formed. Salter1 thinks the species referred to the genus Rhysophycus to be short forms of the genus Cruziana of d'Orbigny,' and there certainly seems to be a great affinity between the two. D'Orbigny simply refers his Cruziana to the Articulata; Salter considers it an Annelid tube, somewhat coriaceous. D'Orbigny's name has priority.

On account of its plant-remains the Eophyton sandstone is considered by Professor Torell as probably a freshwater deposit. That this cannot be the case is proved by its also containing Brachiopods. From the frequent occurrence of ripplemarks and rain-prints it may be supposed to be a shore-deposit.

1 Bigsby's Thesaurus Siluricus, p. 2.

2 Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale, iii., 2, p. 30, pl. 1, f. 1, 2; 1842.-Marie Rouault altered the name to Frana, Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 2 Sér. Vol. vii. p. 729.

The upper division of the sandstone layer, or the Fucoid sandstone proper, is not so poor in fossils as has hitherto been supposed. In an earlier memoir1 I have mentioned the discovery of a Lingula at Djupadalen near Karleby. During the last summer I searched in vain for the same species, but in place of it I collected several specimens of another Lingula. Among the specimens obtained not one is quite complete, and they exhibit no decisive generic characters. The rather singular sculpture of the shell however is admirably well preserved, and on that account the species may be named Lingula (?) favosa. The shell is depressed and has almost the form of a sector of a circle, somewhat exceeding a quadrant; its length is about 5 millimetres, the breadth being about 6 millimetres. The anterior half of the shell bears some sharp lines of growth and a few punctæ, but otherwise it is smooth. Behind the middle there follows a space closely beset with small excavations. At the very apex, which in all the specimens is more or less damaged, the shell seems again to be smooth. The colour, at least outside, is of a whitish blue.

IT

Plate

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

XI. Figs. 1 and 2, Lingula monilifera, n.
Figs. 3 and 4, Eophyton Linnæanum, Torell.

Plate XII. Eophyton Linnæanum, Torell.

Plate XIII. Eophyton Torelli, Linnarsson.

V.-ON THE FORMATION OF RAVINES BY RECENT DRIFT
ACCUMULATIONS.

By G. HENRY KINAHAN, M.R.I.A., etc.

T is not unusual in drift deposits, banked on hill slopes, to find a deep cut occupied by a very minute stream. These cuts or ravines are supposed to be due to the streams; having been excavated by them in the banks of drift. If a ravine of this class is formed in one of the older drifts-namely, the Boulder-clay-drift or the Morainedrift-it must apparently have been cut by a stream, but much of the drift banked on hill slopes is quite recent; that is formed by meteoric abrasion, and being added to at the present day. In these recent drifts, ravines are of common occurrence, and I would suggest that, instead of the stream cutting its ravine, meteoric abrasion has heaped up the banks, and the only action capable of being done by such a stream, is to keep its channel clear. Such accumulations of drift are very frequent in association with Maums, or connecting gaps across mountain-ranges, and there are always ravines in the banks,-yet by no arrangement of the water-supply, could streams be formed that would have the power to excavate them. In the accompanying sketch of Maumgeeha, Yar-Connaught, there is a maum, below which is a recent drift-bank with a ravine and its accompanying stream. None of the surface drainage of the hills on either side of the maum can get into the stream, it being fed by a spring, while the surface drainage of the mountains flows as represented by the arrows, and › Bidrag till Vestergötlands Geologi. Ofvers. af K. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1868.

yearly the shed from the hills adds to the height of the banks. From this would it not appear that previous to the formation of the drift there was a stream in the valley fed, as it is now, by a spring; that the shedding from the hills came down yearly into the valley, but could not fill it up as the stream always keeps its channel clear,

FIG. 1.-Sketch showing Maum with an accompanying bank of recent Drift, a ravine being

therefore the debris was gradually banked up, leaving a ravine in the place that from the first was occupied by the stream? What seems to be in favour of this suggestion is the fact, that if one hill is higher than the other, or one hill sheds more than the other, the bank of the ravine, on the side next the hill that sheds most, will be highest; or, if one hill suffers but little waste, the drift will only occur, in mass, on one side of the stream, steep on the stream side and tailing from it for a considerable distance down the valley. Furthermore, if there is a cross-section exposed in one of these drift-banks, as may often be seen in road-cuttings and mining operations, it will be found stratified and dipping away from the ravine, as represented in the Woodcut (Fig. 2).

FIG. 2.-Section of recent Drift-bank.

Recent Drift-banks also often occur below an escarpment near the summit of a mountain range; and although they are arranged in ridges and hollows, yet there never could have been a head of

water to excavate the latter.

The accompanying sketch of one of the hills in the Barony of Burren, Co. Clare, shows this class of

Fig. 3.-Recent Drift banked on a hill-slope below an escarpment.

drift-bank. If it is insisted on that the valleys must have been cut by streams, it seems impossible to account for their formation, as there is no water-table on which a head of water could collect. To me, however, it appears evident that there was a certain amount of rain and river action, and a certain amount of meteoric abrasion; but the carrying power (i.e. the first named) not being equal to the abrading force, the drift was not conveyed away-the little water there was must find a way somewhere, therefore, in the first instance, it flowed over the lowest places in the escarpment, and afterwards, by the accumulation of the drift, it was concentrated in those places and thereby was enabled to keep the hollows clear of drift and mould the ridge to their present form.

Glaciers act somewhat similarly to streams, for the debris brought down by the meteoric abrasion and shedding into a valley, the centre of which is occupied by a glacier, is banked up in ridges outside the margin of the ice-stream.1 And Marine action has, to some extent, a like power; for much of the debris, carried down by rivers, is thrown up in banks, instead of being spread out evenly over the bed of the

ocean.

VI.-ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE OF TYPE SPECIMENS OF FOSSIL FISHES IN THE COLLECTION OF SIR PHILIP DE MALPAS GREY EGERTON, BART., M.P., AT OULTON PARK.

The object of the accompanying list of Fossil Fishes is merely to record, for future palæontologists, the depository of a few specimens which have furnished the materials for descriptions and figures of species recorded in the publications of the day. They are available for inspection to any one who may be interested in their examination, and I am only too happy when I can induce any geological or palæontological students to come and see them.-P. M. G. E. ACANTHODERMA, Ag.

spinosum, Ag. P. F., tom. 2, pt. 2, tab. 75, fig. 4. (Counterpart.)

1 See Dr. Hayes's description of the Greenland Glacier "Open Polar-sea; " Dr. Hooker on the Glacier in the Valleys of the Himalaya; etc.

ACANTHOPLEURUS, Ag.

serratus, Ag., P. F., tom. 2, pt. 2, tab. 75, fig. 2. ACIPENSER, Linn.

Toliapicus, Ag., P. F., tom. 2, pt. 2, feuil. 280.

ACROLEPIS, Ag.

Sedgwicki, Ag., King Perm. Foss., pl. 25, P. F., tom. 2, pt. 2, feuil. 80. ANENCHELUM, Ag.

glarisianum, Ag., P. F., tom. 5, tab. 37, fig. 1.

P. F., tom. 5, tab. 37, fig. 2. (Counterpart.) heteropleurum, Ag., P. F., tom. 5, tab. 37a, fig. 3. (Counterpart.) isopleurum, Ag., P. F., tom. 5, tab. 37, fig. 3.

ASPIDORHYNCHUS, Ag.

Anglicus, Ag., P. F., tom. 2, pt. 2, feuil. 139. ASTERACANTHUS, Ag.

germanus, Ag., P. F., tom. 4, tab. 14e. (Counterpart.) CALAMOPLEURUS, Ag.

Anglicus, Dixon (hians Eg.), Dixon, F. S., pl. 32, fig. 12.

CATURUS, Ag.

macrodus, Ag., P. F., tom. 2, pt. 2, feuil. 118.

CENTROLEPIS, Eg.

asper, Eg., M. G. S., Dec. 9, pl. 5. (Counterpart.) P. F., tom. 2, feuil.

CERATODUS, Ag.

disauris, Ag., P. F., tom. 3, tab. 19, fig. 19. CHEIRACANTHUS, Ag.

microlepidotus, Ag. P. F. V. G. R., tab. 15, fig. 2.

CHIMERA, Linn.

Agassizi, Buck. (Ischyodus Eg.), P. F. tom. 3, tab. 40c, figs. 14-15. Bucklandi, Eg. (Ganodus Eg.), P. G. S., vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 153. P. F., tom. 3, tab. 40c, fig. 19.

Colei, Buck.) Ganodus Eg.), P. F., tom. 3, tab. 40, figs. 9-10.

curvidens, Eg. (Ganodus Eg.), P. G. S., vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 154.
dentatus, Eg. (Ganodus Eg.), P. G. S., 1847, p. 353.

Egertoni, Buck. (Ischyodus Eg.), P. F., tom 3, tab. 40, figs. I to 10.
emarginatus, Eg. (Ganodus Eg.), P. G. S., vol. 4, pt. 1, page 154.

falcatus, Eg. (Ganodus Eg.), P. G. S., vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 154. P. F., tom. 3,
tab. 40, fig. 13.

Greenovi, Ag. (Elasmodus Eg,), P. F., tom. 3, tab. 40, figs. 11 to 16.

helvetica, Eg. (Edaphodon Buck.), P. G. S., vol. 4, pt. 1, page 154.

Johnsoni, Ag. (Ischyodus Eg.), P. F., tom. 3, tab. 40c, fig. 22.

neglecta, Eg. (Ganodus Eg.), P. G. S., vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 153. P. F., tom. 3, tab. 40c, fig. 11.

Oweni, Buck. (Ganodus, Eg.), P. F., tom. 3, tab. 40, fig. 6.

P. F., tom. 3, tab. 40, fig. 7.

psittacina," Eg. (Ganodus Eg.), P. G. S., vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 153. P. F., tom. 3, tab. 40c, fig. 12.

rugulosa, Eg. (Ganodus Eg,), P. G. S., vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 154.

Townshendi, Buck. (Ischyodus Eg.), P. F., tom. 3, tab. 40, fig. 20. CHONDROSTEUS, Ag.

acipenseroides, Ag., Phil. Trans., 1858, pl. 68, fig. 1.

feuil. 280.

P. F., tom. 2, pt. 2,