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press the emotions more truly than any other feature, in a way scarcely understood. The moral feelings and mental powers are capable of the highest elevation by the genial influence of education. To illustrate the characters of the variety, I have introduced a portrait of that able physiologist, greatest of surgeons, and true philanthropist-Sir Astley Cooper.

II. The Mongolian, including the natives of Central and Northern Asia, the Chinese, Japanese, and the Laplanders and Esquimaux, all of whom are nomadic, mainly equestrian, and often subjected to great privation. The variety is marked by an olive skin, dark eyes, black, strong, and straight hair, and scanty beard, low forehead, flat and broad face, especially at the glabella, or space between the eyebrows, prominent cheeks, oblique eyes, with the opening between the lids narrow,

[graphic]

Mongolian.

and drawn up at the outer canthus. Between the inner

canthus and the nose there is often a semi-lunar fold, which surgeons may meet with under the term of epicanthus. Sir W. Wilde (from whose work on "Malformations of the Eye" the annexed representation is taken) states that it indicates some admixture of Mongolian blood.

Epicanthus.

III. The Ethiopian, or natives of Africa, and their numerous descendants in the slave states. The skin and eyes are black, hair short, crisp, and woolly, with a fetid sebaceous secretion, so copious that it can be

felted; skull very thick, prognathous, facial angle 70° to

The

75°, forehead low and slant-
ing; jaws protruding; chin
receding; nose broad and
flat, spreading out on the
cheeks; lips thick.
calf is very high, the bones
of leg extremely convex;
and the heel projecting,
with a foot but slightly
arched. It is said, but on
very questionable autho-
rity, that the premaxillary
bone is decidedly present.
It will be remarked that
there are few anatomical

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differences between the Negro and the more elevated races, much as they have been sought for by those who attempt to defend that disgrace to humanity-slavery. The president of the Anthropological Society surpasses any American pro-slavery advocate in his late address on the subject, which contains the following absurd and irreverent passage: "Thus, an anatomist, with the Negro and ourang-outang before him, after a careful comparison, would say perhaps that nature herself had been puzzled where to place them, and had finally compromised the matter by giving them an exactly equal inclination to the form and attitude of each other." Lawrence gives some examples of individuals of this race where the skin was white, and one instance where it became gradually white after the age of twelve. The person had a second attack of measles, and lost smell entirely. The face and other exposed parts assumed a copper tint. Dr. Livingstone states, that syphilis cannot be perpetuated among the Africans.

IV. The American, comprising all the aborigines, save the Esquimaux. The skin is of a dark red, hair

black and long, beard small, skull and face very like the Mongol, but more elongated, as the figure of a Cherokee

[graphic][merged small]

skull shows, and the nose is larger and more aquiline. They are remarkable for the want of domestic animals, their active habits, and the great number of sections into which they are broken up. They are rapidly diminishing in numbers owing to the poison alcohol, which, however, it is reported, never produces delirium tremens. The variety spreads rather north and south, from the arctic region to Patagonia, and not in the same latitude and climate as other varieties do. One tribe, the Waraws, has been said to be "arboreal," since Sir Walter Raleigh recorded that "in winter they dwell upon the trees, where they build very artificial towns and houses; for between May and September the river of Orinocco riseth 30 feet upright." Dwellings are formed by docking the Ita-palm, and thence spreading out a floor.

V. The Malay, or Oceanic of Latham, including the natives of the Asiatic Islands, Borneo, Australia, New Zealand, &c. The skin is brown, hair black and copious, forehead narrow, but rather high; face prominent, lips thick, and mouth wide. The characters of the skull are exhibited in the figure of an Australian cranium, on p. 29. It is remarkable for the thickness of its walls and

the frontal sinuses being often undeveloped. The physical strength and development of the Malay, especially in the

[graphic][merged small]

pelvic extremities, is very low, and it may be questioned whether the variety does not rank below the Ethiopian in the human scale.

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION.

JUNIOR.

1. State the species, genus, sub-order, order, and class of animals to which man belongs.

2. Explain what is meant by the "facial angle."

3. What are the most striking differences between the crania of

man and the gorilla?

4. Enumerate the parts of the ideal vertebra.

5. How have human crania been divided?

6. Enumerate the varieties of man and the characters of the Ethiopian group.

SENIOR.

1. Enumerate the zoological characters of man.

2. What are the anatomical peculiarities of the human upper and lower extremities?

3. State the psychical attributes which distinguish man from the brute.

4. Write out the elements of the epencephalic vertebra, with their ordinary anatomical names.

5. Adduce facts and arguments proving the unity and antiquity of the human race.

6. What fossil human remains have been discovered?

CHEMISTRY OF MAN.

Of the 60 or 65 elements or simple bodies which compose the material world, about 15, or one-fourth, occur in the human body, being ingested in the form of animal or vegetable food. They are—

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Of these, the first four occur so frequently as to be called essential, and the last four are so entirely accidental that they should be omitted. It will be seen that none of these substances are peculiar, so it must be in their mode of union that differences between organic and inorganic bodies exist. As none of these elements occur in the uncombined state, it will be more convenient to consider their products, which may be classified as, I. Inorganic; II. Unnitrogenized; III. Nitrogenized.

I. The Inorganic Group possesses a constant and definite chemical composition, being generally formed by the union of two elements, or two pairs of elements, in

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