On Tripolitan war, 287.

Harding, Warren Gamaliel, Presi-
dent:

On Congressional resolutions on
foreign policy, 278, 281–282.
On termination of war, 292.
Harlan, Justice, on power of Con-
gress to enforce treaties, 185.
Harley, J. E., on obligation to ratify
treaties, 42.

Harrison, Benjamin, President, urges
legislation to protect aliens, 229.
Hartford convention, 93.
Hawaii:

Congressional resolution regard-
ing, 281.

Annexation treaty rejected by
the Senate, 252. (See also
Treaties, Hawaii.)

Hay, John, Secretary of State:
Arbitration treaties, 109.
Conference with Senators on

treaty negotiation, 251.
On Senate's attitude toward
treaties, 360.

Relations with President, 323.
Hay open door notes. (See Execu-

tive agreements.)
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty. (See Trea-
ties, Great Britain.)

Hayes, Rutherford B., President:
On good faith of treaties, 261.
On termination of treaty, 257,
258.

Veto of Chinese exclusion act,
17, 164.

Hayti, dispatch of troops to, by Presi-
dent, 227. (See also Treaties,
Hayti.)

"Helvidius" (Madison), 136.
High seas, offenses on, punished, 180.
Hill, David Jayne:

On duty of treaty-making power
to consider attitude of Con-
gress, 356.

On necessity of separation of
powers, 5.

Hitchcock, Senator of Nebraska, pro-
posed reservation to Treaty of
Versailles, 60.

Hoadley, Bishop, on power to inter-
pret law, 63.

Hoar, Senator of Massachusetts, on
appointment of Senators to nego-
tiate treaties, 251.

Hobbes, Thomas, on nature of inter-
national law, 210.

Hohfeld, W. M., on fundamental le-
gal conceptions, 214.

Holland, T. E., definition of obliga-
tion, 213.

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Justice:

On law-making power of judges,
64.

On power of Congress to en-
force treaties, 186.

On non-suability of sovereign,

210.

On validity of treaties, 87-88.
Holy Alliance, sympathy for abso-
lute governments, 14.
Horseshoe reef, cession of, 237.
House of Representatives:

Advisability of participation in
treaty-making, 246, 368.

No treaty-making power, 62, 233.
On Congressional resolutions on
foreign policy, 280.

Resolution on obligation to ap-
propriate for treaty, 6, 226.
Resolution on Maximillian gov-
ernment in Mexico, 33. (See
also Congress.)

Huerta, Victoriana, Defacto Presi-
dent of Mexico:

Non-recognition of, 20, 268.

Note on United States interven-
tion, 215.

Hughes, Charles Evans, on duty of
treaty-making power to consider
attitude of Congress, 356, 357.
Hungary, termination of war with,
293.
Hyde, Charles Cheney, on executive
agreements submitting claims
against United States, 244.

Acts in behalf of, violation of
neutrality laws, 182.
Embargo on arms to, 183.
Internment of, 196.
Insurrection against foreign govern-
ments, punished, 183.
International administration, 247.
International agencies, creation of,
334.

International agreements, power of

states to make, 230-232. (See also
Executive agreements, Treaties.)
International claims. (See Claims.)
International conferences:

Nature of delegates to, 318.
Participation in, authorized, 228,
334.

Presidential participation in, for-
bidden, 325, 328, 335. (See
also Hague Conferences.)
International coöperation, duty of,
209.
International court, determination of
national obligations by, 222. (See
also Hague Permanent Court of
Arbitration, International Prize
Court, Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice.)

International court of claims, pro-
posal for, 224-225.
International law:

Acquisition of territory under,
134, 173.

Acts of Congress interpreted by,
165.

Applied by courts, 158, 171, 221,

222.

Applied in claims settlement, 223.
Based on agreement of states,
208.

Can not be altered by municipal
law, 16.

Codified in executive regulations,
168.

Conclusiveness of acts and utter-
ances of national organs under,
38.
Conditions favoring observance
of, 161.

Confiscation of enemy property
under, 300.

Constitution interpreted in ac-
cordance with, 162.

Defines rank of diplomatic offi-
cers, 318, 323.

Definition of, 13, 212.

Does not require withdrawal of
claim, 66.

Enforcement of, 176-179, 196.
Governs foreign relations power,

4.
Immunities under, 79, 242.

Imposes limitation upon national

organs, 14.

Imposes moral obligations, 210.
Interpreted by national organs in
first instance, 213.
Interpretation of, by President,
245.

Limits of jurisdiction defined by,
165.

Nature of, 13.

Naval forces bound by, 168.
National obligations founded on,

206, 209.

Obligation of, 58, 212.

Observance of, by Congress, 162.

Observance of, by Courts, 170.

Observance of, by military and

civil services, 167.

Observance of, by President, 166.
Observance of, by treaty-making
power, 166.

Offenses against, 79, 159.
Offenses against, punished in fed-
eral courts, 196, 197.
Offenses against, punished in
state courts, 154, 180.
Power to seize property under,
299.

President bound by, in exercise

of war powers, 169.
Principles of state responsibility,
151.

Prohibits trading with the enemy,
303.

Release from states of persons

claiming immunity under, 171.
Representative authority under,

15.

Respect for, in acts of Congress,
163.

Self defense under, 307.

Sources of 208.

Supersedes British Order in
Council, 170.

Tacit acceptance of, 58.
Termination of treaty by opera-

tion of, 256.
Treaties codifying, 247.

Types of cases in which applied,

159, 171.

Validity of treaty under, 57.
Value of, for democracies, 370.
Written law interpreted in ac-
cord with, 175.

International organization:
Advisability of development of,

370.

Power to participate in, 228.
Delegation of power to, 110.
International Prison Commission,
participation in, by United States,

334.

International Prize Court, 110, 224,

334.

Constitutionality of, 117.
International responsibilities. (See
Responsibilities, international.)

On obligation of treaties, 6.
On Senate discretion in treaty-
making, 252.
Jefferson, Thomas:

Attitude toward neutrality proc-
lamation, 268.

Initiation of Tripolitan war, 297.
On effect of general reprisals,
291.

On grades of diplomatic officers,
324.

On nature of foreign relations
power, 137, 138.

On President's foreign relations
powers, 22, 28, 36, 38.

On Treaty-making power, 102,
123.

On Tripolitan war, 286.
Johnson, Andrew, President, procla-
mation of termination of Civil

Kocourek, on distinction of obliga-
tion and responsibility, 214.
Kossuth revolution, 36.
Koszta case, 285, 306, 309.

La Abra and Wyle claims, 223.
La Follette Seaman's act, 84, 258, 345.
Land Warfare, rules of, 168.
Lansdowne, Lord, British foreign
minister, on Senate amendment to
treaty, 45.

Lansing, Robert, Secretary of State:
On Appam case, 342.

On arming of merchant vessels,
295.

On diplomatic communications
to the people, 29.

On international responsibilities

of representative organ, 19, 24.
On Lansing-Ishii agreement, 243.
Lansing-Ishii agreement. (See Ex-
ecutive agreements.)

Latin-American states, attitude to-
ward diplomatic protection of citi-
zens, 16.

Law, relation to understandings, 7, 8.
(See also Acts of Congress, Con-
stitution, International law.)
League of Nations:

Appointment of representatives
in, 333.

Arbitration under, 113, 210, 223.
Article 10, 60, 61, 114, 214, 241.
Conciliation by, 219.

Domestic affairs under, 263.
Exercises no legislative power,

114.

Guarantees under, 115.

Justiciable questions under, 212,

214.

Limitation of Armament by, 114.
Mandates under, 114.
Nature of delegates to, 320.
Permanent International Court
of. (See Permanent court.)
Powers of, 113.

Powers of Council, 60.
Representation of British domin-
ions in, 16.

Respect for earlier treaties, 166.
Settlement of disputes by, 114.

Treaties to be concluded under,
228.
Unanimity required, 113. (See

also Reservations to Treaty of
Versailles, Versailles treaty.)
Lee, Attorney-General:

On duty of diplomatic officers to
communicate with executive
only, 29.

On foreign relations power of
Secretary of State, 22.
Legal obligations. (See Obliga-
tions.)

Legislation. (See Acts of Congress,

State statutes, Congress.)
Legislative acts, do not affect inter-
national responsibilities, 17.
Legislative omissions, do not affect
international responsibilities, 17.
Legislative power,
delegation of.

(See Constitution of United
States.)

Legislature, difficulty of exercising

foreign relations power, 7.
Lenin, defacto head of Russian gov-
ernment, non-recognition of, 20.
Letters of marque. (See Repristas.)
Letters rogatory. (See Rogatory.)
Liability, synonymous with responsi-
bility, 213, 214.

Libels against foreign states, not
punishable by federal statute, 187,
188.

License to trade, 240.

Lincoln, Abraham, President:

Blockade proclamation by, 38.
Extradition of Arguelles, 190,
195, 237.

Recognition of civil war, 288.
Refusal to carry out congres-
sional resolution on foreign af-
fairs, 281.

Refusal to denounce treaty, 258.
Repudiation of armistice made

by General Sherman, 44, 240.
Use of force to suppress rebel-
lion, 193.

Lippmann, Walter, on control of for-
eign relations, 5, 365.
Liquor trade punished, 184. (See
also Constitutional provisions.)