16,000,000

Duty per lb.
1s. 7d.

28. 2d.

48.

38. პა

It thus appears that the consumption is now considerably less than one lb. per head: in Prussia it is three lbs. The allowance to British seamen for stores is two lbs. per month; and in 1798 the annual consumption in Ireland averaged two lbs. a head. It is impossible to believe that the use of tobacco has declined, or even been stationary, within the last few years: there is little doubt indeed of its having increased, though the returns give a different result. In 1828 only 8600 lbs. of cigars paid duty at 18s. the lb.; in 1831, the duty having been reduced one-half, 66,000 lbs. were entered for consumption; and in 1841 there were entered 213,613 lbs. The following table shows the quantities of unmanufactured tobacco on which duty has been paid in the United Kingdom in the three years and a half ending July, 1842:

1839.
lbs.

England 15,686,245 15,475,431 14,590,129
Scotland 2,082,469 2,071,350
Ireland
2,031,982
5,202,692 5,355,617 5,473,477

тов

must be supposed to have had their effect in producing the above result, which has naturally alarmed the government; and an act has been passed (5 & 6 Victoria, c. 93) intended to remedy one of the sources of loss to the revenue, by again subjecting the manufacturers and dealers to the the duty has been wholly collected by the officers of the supervision of the excise. Up to 1825 both a customs and customs at the ports of importation. A strict survey of excise duty was collected on tobacco; but since that year the manufacturers' premises, and a registry of their operations and the sales of the retail dealers, were still kept up by the excise, though they no longer collected any duty. This survey was at length abolished in 1840, by the 3 & 4 Vict., c. 18: it is now partially re-established. The nature of the adulterations practised may be gathered from one of the clauses of the Act 5 & 6 Vict., which prohibits, under or roots of malt, or any ground or unground roasted grain, a penalty of 2007., manufacturers having in their possession ground or unground chicory, lime, sand (not being tobacco any sugar, treacle, molasses, or honey, or any commings sand), umbre, ochre, or other earths, sea-weed, ground or powdered, wood, moss, or weeds, or any leaves, or any herbs or plants (not being tobacco leaves or plants) respectively, nor any substance or material, syrup, liquid, or 7,189,166 preparation, matter or thing, to be used or capable of 975,022 being used as a substitute for or to increase the weight of 2,663,522 tobacco or snuff.' The price of tobacco has risen in conferent kinds of tobacco and snuff sent out by permit sequence of the Act being strictly enforced. In the last year of the excise survey (1839) the quantities of the difunder :from the manufacturers of the United Kingdom were as

Half-year ending
5th July, 1842.

lbs.

United 22,971,406 22,902,398 22,095,588 10,827,710
Kingdom

Smuggling and extensive adulteration of the article

6

Tobacco, as already stated, is not allowed to be grown in England. The acts prohibiting its cultivation did not until lately apply to Ireland. In Prussia 24,748 acres were planted with tobacco in 1835: in France, in 1840, the produce of home-grown tobacco was 175,015 cwt., on 19,662 acres: the duty on tobacco in France yields about 3,800,000l. per annum. Tobacco is extensively cultivated in Holland and Belgium, also in the southern provinces of Russia, and in Turkey and Syria. It has as yet made little progress in the British West Indies, and still less in Upper Canada, though encouraged by a small differential duty of 3d. in the lb. It is said that East India tobacco would be much more extensively introduced if a similar preference were shown to it. The tobacco of Cuba holds the highest rank for the excellence of its flavour. In 1833 the export of cigars was 3,320,207 lbs., and of leaf tobacco 2,346,545 lbs. Tobacco is not allowed to be imported in vessels of less perhaps, are the cigars of Manilla. But the cultivation of places of import are limited to a few of the principal ports Next in favour, than 120 tons, nor exported in those under 70 tons. The tobacco is most extensive in the United States. In 1836 where it can be safely secured under the king's fock. A the value of the exports was 10,000,000 dollars, being one-charge of 2s. per hhd. is made on its being placed in the seventh of the value of the cotton exported; in 1838 the value of tobacco exported was 7,392,029 dollars; in 1839, 9,882,943 dollars; and in 1841 it was 12,576,703 dollars. The following table gives a general view of the trade of England in tobacco:

Imported from the

Total

Paid Duty for Home
Consumption.

Unmanu- Manufac.

Net

warehouse, and the same sum when it is taken out, but no other payment as rent is due for five years. Of 37,000,000 lbs. imported in one year, 20,000,000 arrived in the port of London, and 14,750,000 lbs. at Liverpool. The tobacco exported is principally to Germany, Holland, Belgium, Spain, Italy, the West of Africa, and Portugal, and to other parts in smaller quantities.

TOBACCO-PIPE, a long slender tube, of very small

United States. Imported. Re-exported. factured, and Snuff. Revenue. bore, used for inhaling the fumes of a small quantity of

lbs. lbs. 1831 32,712,108 33,107,679 Ibs. lbs. lbs. 1832 19,522,807 19,967,035 9,358,356 19,419,940 114,900 2.964,592 1833 20,743,317 22,082,579 6,754,950 20,086,717 148,750 3,080,598 1834 37,804,872 38,517,861 12,980,951 21,048,324 145,546 3,223,648 8,06,562 20,502,971 143,993 3,140,084 1835 24,955,419 25,532,611 13,218,897 21,803,775 141,813 3,334,234 1836 51,208,757 52,232,907 12,319,405 22,150,784 158,610 3,397,102 1837 26,353,973 27,144,107 17,341,587 22,321,489 144,736 3,417,663 1838 29,191,543 30,162,024 11,640,495 23,149,726 190,010 3,561.812 1839 33,888,120 35,605,253 1840 34,628,886 36,680,887 12,224,594 22,682,857 193,781 9,227,518 22,773,905 196,260 3,495,687

burning tobacco deposited in a bowl or cavity attached to
one end of the tube.

The materials of which tobacco-pipes are formed are
very numerous. White and coloured earths, porcelain,
metals, ivory, horn, shell, costly woods, agate, cornelian,
tale, and amber, are among the substances which have
been used for the purpose. The forms of tobacco-pipes
admit of at least equal variety, but perhaps the most re-

which he devoted a .ife to dramatic writing. John Tobin was born at Salisbury in 1770. His father had property in the Isle of Nevis, and from the political circumstances of the period, thinking his presence necessary upon his plantation, he took up his residence there, leaving three sons under the care of their maternal grandfather. They were placed at the free-school at Southampton, where John discovered some precocious talents. His father, returning to England, settled at Bristol in a mercantile employment, where his sons became pupils of the Rev. Mr. Lee. John, who was the third son, was in 1785 placed in the house of a London solicitor, in which house he eventually became a partner. His ambition was however early directed to dramatic composition, and for fifteen years he persevered in offering to the theatres play after play, each of which was uniformly rejected by the managers. Tobin had perhaps more real talent than the greater number of those who had possession of the stage, at a period when a successful dramatic performance was not only highly paid, | according to any commercial estimate of literary merit, but was very often a little fortune to its author. But the stage was then also in the hands of three or four writers, who perfectly understood the taste of the town, and especially adapted themselves to the peculiarities of the actors who were to represent their characters. It was a necessary consequence of this system that whilst no drama was composed upon a principle of art-whilst no attempt was made to sustain a plot by consistent and natural character, wit or humour, pathos or poetry-whilst the author modelled his jokes according to his conception of this comedian's flexibility of face, and his sentiment with a due reverence for that tragedian's stride and intonation,-there was still something produced which was perfect in its way, through the power of the machinery by which it was worked; a thing to move laughter or tears upon the stage, but singularly provocative of sleep in the closet. This was the day when the drama existed upon slang and clap trap, miscalled comedy. Tragedy had died out in its dullness; and farce -not legitimate farce-demanded the five acts of Reynolds, Morton, and George Colman the Younger. At this period Tobin essayed to become a writer of comedy. He produced The Faro-Table,' 'The Undertaker, and The School for Authors.' These were all rejected. He then tried his hand at the romantic drama, and wrote with equal ill success The Curfew' and 'The Indians.' The latter piece was called forth by the success of Sheridan's melodrama of Pizarro.' Some one, it is said, proposed this question to Tobin at a social meeting where the state of the drama was a subject of discussion: Would a revival of the dramatic spirit which produced the plays of Shakspere and Fletcher be relished by the public?' Tobin thought it would, and he wrote The Honeymoon.' This play was presented to the managers of Covent-Garden, and refused. It was finally accepted at Drury-Lane, and it was acted with a success which has attended very few dramatic compositions. In the mean time its author, who had a tendency to consumption, was obliged to leave London, seeking the recovery of his health. He had worked for many years at his profession by day, and at his dramatic compositions by night. He died on the 8th of December, 1804; and The Honeymoon' was produced at Drury-Lane on the 31st of January, 1805. Those who cater for the public taste have often an alacrity in discovering the merits of a man when he is dead; and so Tobin's rejected pieces were eventually brought upon the stage. They are forgotten. The Honeymoon' is exactly such a piece as might have been calculated upon, looking at the theory which is said to have suggested it. It is throughout an imitation of the old dramatists; clever indeed-but as an automaton compared to a man, for the breath of poetical life has not been breathed into what moves before us in the attitudes of humanity. The dialogue is skilful, the chief situations are interesting, there is a proper quantity of simile and other embroidery which looks like poetry. But the high art with which the old dramatists worked is not there. Tobin did the best he could as an imitator; but the Shaksperian drama is not a thing for imitation. The great and essential spirit of poetry is ever the same; but it only becomes original as it puts on new forms, the elements of which are to be found in the aggregate thought of its own age. The memoirs of John Tobin, with several of his unacted dramas, were published by Miss Benger, in 1820,

TOBIT (Twßir: according to the Vulgate, Tobias), a canonical book of the Old Testament, according to the Roman Catholics, but the divine authority of which is rejected by the Protestants. This book contains the history of Tobit, and purports to be written by himself. Tobit was a native of Thisbe in Galilee, and belonged to the tribe of Naphtali. He had one son named Tobias; and while the rest of his tribe sacrificed to Baal, he remained steadfast in the worship of the Lord. He, with his wife and son, accompanied the other Israelites in their captivity to Nineveh, where he gained the favour of the king Shalmanesar, and was appointed his purveyor. He was thus enabled to acquire considerable property; but was deprived of it all in the reign of Sennacherib, in consequence of having buried some Israelites whom the king had slain, and he was obliged to flee from the city. He was however recalled to Nineveh on the accession of Esarhaddon, through the influence of Achicharius, who was his own nephew, and held high offices in the court of the king. Not long afterwards he buried again one of his countrymen who had been slain, and being polluted, he did not enter his house, but slept outside by the wall of the courtyard with his face uncovered. While lying here the sparrows dropped some warm dung into his eyes, which occasioned total blindness. Tobit however did not lose his confidence in God. Being reduced to poverty, he sent his son Tobias to Rages (Rhagæ) in Media, to obtain a sum of ten talents, which he had left some years before with one Gabael. Tobias was accompanied in his journey by an angel, who, under the form of an Israelite of the name of Azarias, was so kind as to offer himself as a guide. In the course of their journey Tobias caught a fish in the Tigris, of which he carefully preserved the heart, the liver, and the gall, according to the directions of the angel, who explained their wondrous efficacy. At length they arrived at Ecbatana, where Tobias married the daughter of Raguel, his kinsman. Now the damsel had already been married to seven husbands, but on the wedding-night of each the evil spirit Asmodeus had killed them. Tobias however burnt the liver and the heart of the fish, as he was ordered by the angel, and by the smoke arising from them drove the evil spirit straightway into Egypt. As Raguel would not let his son-in-law leave Ecbatana immediately, the angel was sent to Rages for the money; and upon his returning with it, Tobias went back to Nineveh, where he cured his father's blindness by rubbing his eyes with the gall of the fish. Tobit continued to live happily till the time of his death, which did not take place till he was a hundred and fifty-eight years old. After the death of his parents Tobias removed to Ecbatana with his wife and children, and died at the age of a hundred and twentyseven years.

The Book of Tobit is written in rather a pleasing style. Sound criticism will scarcely regard it as a true history. It is rather a tale written to inculcate the duty of trust in God, and to show how such confidence will be recompensed eventually. It also abounds in exhortations to practise good works, and to continue steadfast in prayer.

The translation in the Vulgate was made by St. Jerome from the Chaldee. It also exists in Greek, which is probably a translation of an old Hebrew original, of which the Chaldee text used by St. Jerome was perhaps also a translation. There is a Syriac version besides, which differs considerably from the Greek and Latin ones. It seems impossible to determine with any accuracy the time when the book was written.

(K. D. Ilgen, Die Geschichte Tobi's nach drei verschie denen Originalen, dem griech., dem latein. des Hieronymus und einem syr. übersetzt mit Anmerkungen, &c., Jen., 1800; De Wette, Einleitung in die Bücher des Alten Testamentes, p. 381, &c.)

TOBOLSK. Asiatic Russia, or the kingdom of Siberia, was formerly divided into two great governments, Western and Eastern Siberia, Tobolsk being the western and Irkutzk the eastern. Tobolsk was subdivided into the provinces of Tobolsk, Omsk, and Tomsk. Subsequently Tomsk was erected into a separate government; and in 1838 the province of Omsk was divided between Tobolsk and Tomsk. The government of Tobolsk, as now constituted, is bounded on the north by the Frozen Ocean, on the west by the governments of Archangel, Orenburg, and Perm, and on the south and east by Tomsk and Jenisseisk: the area is 519,200 square miles, and the number of inhabitants is 822,684, not

including the part of the province of Omsk which was in-house of correction. The Tartars were formerly allowed corporated with it in 1838. On the west it is separated to live in the lower town, where a number of streets were from European Russia by the chain of the Ural Mountains. assigned to them; but the crowded manner in which they The principal rivers are the Obi, the Tobol, the Irtisch, built their houses, rendering them very liable to fire, which and the Tura. In the south and south-western parts the spread to the Russian streets, the Tartars were removed to summer is warm and pleasant; the winter is very cold, and a separate quarter. The style of living and the manners of much snow falls. In the short summer there are some hot the upper classes of society are not very different from days, but when the wind blows from the Frozen Ocean, those of Europe. Kotzebue, during his exile, had the which frequently happens, the cold becomes very cutting. gratification of seeing some of his own plays performed in The south and south-western parts of the government are the theatre of Tobolsk; and Dr. Clarke was of opinion that very fertile, and produce abundance of corn and flax. The in his time the society was as good as in any Russian city; really agricultural districts are on the west, on the Tobol and it has doubtless continued to improve.* The inhaand its tributaries, which yield luxuriant crops, and supply bitants are distinguished for their hospitality to strangers. with grain not only the tracts to the north, but the govern- Game is so extremely abundant in the vicinity of the ments of Perm and Orenburg. There are also rich pas- city, that partridges and grouse are the daily and almost tures favourable for the breeding of horned cattle, horses, necessary food of all classes. The cock of the wood and sheep. Here and there some camels are bred. This is not found in great numbers near the city till the winter part of Siberia is equally remarkable for the prodigious has become severe, but is brought from the country of the quantity and value of the fish in the great rivers. The Ostiaks, to the north, all the year round, as well as the mineral wealth contained in the mountains on the west black cock and other game. The common use of these and southern frontiers is immense. The Ural Mountains and other articles of food, which in Europe are chiefly conproduce iron, copper, gold, and platina; and the forges of fined to the tables of the richer inhabitants, forcibly Ekaterinenburg are among the most extensive in the world. reminds us,' says Professor Erman, of the remark of From the shores of the Frozen Ocean to 60° N. lat. the Paulus Jovius, in the sixteenth century, who affirmed that whole country is totally unfit for agriculture. It is the Russians lived less with refined elegance than in the covered with thick forests, the ground of which is a greatest abundance, for that the tables of the Russians morass; these gradually give way to a few pines and stunted were constantly supplied, and at a cheap rate, with viands shrubs, and these too entirely disappear towards the Frozen which in Europe none but the most prodigal (luxuriosisOcean, where a little moss is almost the only sign of vege- | simi) wished for or could obtain.' (See Pauli Jovii De tation. The fishery and the chase of the fur-bearing ani- legat. Basilii Magni, Princip. Moscov. ad Clementem mals are the only resources of this inhospitable tract. VII., Pontific. Max. liber. In Comm. Rer. Moscov., The sable however, the most highly prized of these p. 170.) animals, is nearly extirpated. Besides the Russians there are among the inhabitants Mongols, Bokharians, Tunguses, Samoieds, Ostiaks, and wandering Tartars of different tribes. The necessaries of life being abundant and cheap, the inhabitants have no sufficient stimulus to rouse them from the indolence which appears to be a predominant characteristic of the people of this region.

TOBOLSK, the capital of the government of Tobolsk, is situated in 58° 12′ N. lat. and 68° 15' E. long., at the junction of the Tobol with the Irtisch, 582 feet above the level of the Caspian Sea. It is divided into the upper and the lower town: the former, on the east bank of the Irtisch, is on a hill, or rather ridge, which runs parallel to the river, at a small distance from it; the latter, which is the larger, is in the interval between the ridge and the river, and is exposed to inundations. The communication between the upper and lower town is by a gently rising causeway laid with planks, which is continued in a ravine of the ridge, and is practicable even for carriages. The view from the summit, which is 200 feet above the lower town, though not very diversified, is striking; the great river, running in a semicircle, is the principal object; on the right hand is the lower town; beyond the river is a verdant plain extending to the horizon, the uniformity of which is interrupted only by the Tobol, of which there are glimpses here and there, and by isolated Russian and Tartar villages, most of which are near the river, and among them the Tartar villages are always to be recognised by a little grove of trees (not pines), which are their burying-grounds. At the foot of the ridge some springs issue, of which Professor Rose examined two, and found the temperature of one to be 4.2°, that of the other 4.6°, by Réaumur's thermometer; this temperature, he says, is manifestly too high for the latitude of Tobolsk to be considered the mean temperature of the earth. Professor Erman, who passed several months at Tobolsk in 1829, found the temperature of the earth to be only 1.8° of Réaumur's thermometer.

Tobolsk is the see of a Russian archbishop, the metropolitan of all Siberia, and has a theological seminary, an establishment for the education of schoolmasters, a gymnasium, and several other schools; some printing-offices, a Bible Society, and a theatre. The only manufactures of importance are of Russia leather; the Russian and Tartar women make linen, carpets, and woollen cloth. There are in all twenty-three churches, one German Protestant church, two mosques, two convents, and the residence of the governor-general. The population, consisting of Russians, Germans, and Tartars (the last are about a fourth part of the whole), amounts to 20,000, exclusive of the so.diers, the clergy, and the exiles, for whom there is a

Though Tobolsk has no manufactures, it has a very considerable_transit-trade between European Russia and China. The European traders arrive in the spring with the goods destined for the Chinese, and at the end of summer the boats return with their cargoes for Moscow and Petersburg. The merchants from Tartary and Bokhara arrive at the beginning of the winter, and remain at Tobolsk till the spring. All the sums collected as tribute from the wandering tribes of the immense deserts are brought to Tobolsk, where there are extensive magazines for the various descriptions of goods.

In 1756 the Abbé Chappe d'Auteroche was sent by Louis XV. to Tobolsk to observe the transit of Venus. He erected a small observatory, and determined astronomically the position of Tobolsk. Though no traces of the observatory now remain, Professor Erman, after much inquiry, ascertained the spot where it stood, and found his observations very nearly corresponding with those of Chappe :

Latitude, according to Chappe, 58° 12′ 22′′ N. Latitude, according to Erman, 58° 12′ 13′′.9 N. Humboldt's observations nearly coincide with the above.

(Adolph Erman, Reise um die Erde durch Nord Asien und die Beiden Oceanen, en 1828, 1829, et 1830, erster und zweiter band; A. von Humboldt, G. Ehrenberg, and G. Rose, Reise nach dem Ural, dem Altai, und dem Kaspischen Meere, erster band, Berlin, 1837; Hörschelmann; Cannabich.)

TOCUYO. [VENEZUELA.]

TOD, an old measure of wool, fixed at two stones, or 28 pounds averdupois, by a statute of the 12th of Charles II. As usual, there are several local tods.

TODDA'LIA, a genus of plants of the natural family of Rutaceæ, tribe Xanthoxyle, which is itself sometimes made into a distinct order. The name Toddalia is derived from Toddali, the Malabar name of one of the species. The genus is distinguished by having unisexual flowers, the calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5. Stamens 5, longer than the petals. Stigma almost sessile, peltate. Fruit fleshy, 5-furrowed, 5-celled, cells 1-seeded. Seed kidney-shaped. Embryo arched. The species consist of moderate-sized shrubs, with alternate trifoliate leaves full of pellucid dots. Male and female flowers on different branches of the same tree. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. The species are few in number, and found in the hot parts of India and in the Mauritius, as well as in Brazil. The Indian species are found in the Peninsula, but extend

The first elements of European civilization were introduced by the numerous Swedish prisoners of war taken at the battle of Pultowa, who were at that time far better informed and more polished than the Russians,