who have noticed it under the name of pavoninus will, | upon comparing it with the original bird described by Dr. Spix, fully agree with him (Mr. Gould) in considering it as specifically distinct. He is induced to believe that the plumes of the species so named never extend more than a few inches beyond the tail, that the bird has no crest, that the whole of the tail-feathers are black, and that in size it is much inferior to Trogon resplendens. Locality. Guatemala in Mexico, where it is called Quesal. (Gould.)

edge of each feather having a tinge of metallic green; two centre feathers of the tail dark purplish green, two next on each side dark olive green, the three outer on each side dark green at their base, largely tipped with white; feet light brownish yellow.

Female.-Upper surface and tail closely resembling those of the male; round the eye and throat rufous brown, becoming paler on the chest, which is slightly tinted with rosy pink lower part of the abdomen and tail-coverts deep rose-red. Total length 11 inches; bill 1; wing 54: tail 6; tarsi . (Gould.)

Locality.-South Africa.

Narina, whose name this the only known African species bears, was a Gonaqua Hottentot girl, whose charms and manners appear to have produced a great impression on Le Vaillant, and he devotes some pages to her in his Travels.

Mr. Gould quotes him for information respecting the habits and economy of this bird. Its favourite haunts are the thickest parts of the forest; and there it sits, nearly motionless, on a low dead branch during mid-day: in the morning and evening it captures its food, consisting chiefly of locusts, beetles, and other winged insects, with the addition of caterpillars. Its flight is short and rapid; and it darts from its chosen perch on every passing insect, returning to the station which it had left, or settling near it. Its haunts are described as being in the extensive woods called Autemiquoi, and in those on the banks of the Gamtoos River in the Caffre country. During the pairing season the male, which is at other times mute, utters frequently a melancholy cry. The eggs, four in number, nearly round, and of a rosy white hue, are laid in a nest in the hole of a tree, and the female sits for twenty days. The account given of the young is extraordinary; for we find it recorded, that the moment they are excluded they take flight, and follow their parents for a considerable period.'

Calurus resplendens.

Upper figure, adult male; lower figure, female or young male. (Gould.) AFRICAN TROGON.

Example, Trogon (Apaloderma) Narina. (Le Vaill.) Description.-Male.-Bill yellow, with a tinge of blue; whole of the head, throat, chest, shoulders, back, and upper tail-coverts resplendent green; breast and under surface bright blood-red; the wings brown, the greater coverts and secondaries powdered with greyish white, the outer

Apaloderma narina, male and female. (Gould.)

This, if correct, is a rare instance of perfect development among the Insessores. We know that the young of the Gallinaceous birds will run as soon as they have left the shell; but their plumage is most imperfect, and it takes a long time to develop the feathers which are to sustain

them in flight; whilst in the bulk of Insessorial cases the nestling is hatched with scarcely anything more than a rudimentary down. The Humming-Birds (see the article) attain their plumage more quickly than most perching birds, and fly after their parents at the first essay; but they are born blind, and are unable to leave the nest for some days. The general account in Griffith's Cuvier above noticed (p. 292), to the correctness of which Mr. Gould bears testimony, is entirely at variance with the particular assertion relative to the Narina Trogon; for the young Trogons are there stated to be hatched entirely naked.

Example, Trogon (Apaloderma) Reinwardtii. (Temm.) Description.-Bill bright reddish orange; top of the head, back, and upper tail-coverts dark green; six middle tail-feathers black, with green reflexions; the bases of the three outer feathers on each side the same colour as the middle ones, the remaining portions being white; centre of the wings and shoulders green, transversely rayed with fine lines of yellow; primaries black, with the exception of the outermost web, which is white; throat yellow; earcoverts, sides of the neck, and chest olive-brown; belly and under surface yellow, becoming rich orange on the sides; tarsi yellow; bare skin round the eye blue. Total length from 12 to 134 inches; tail 7; wing 54. Young. Similar to the adult, particularly in the colours of the back and tail, a circumstance, observes Mr. Gould, which rarely occurs in the family, as in all the Trogons where the plumage of the female differs much from that of the male, the young birds generally resemble the former; while, as in the present case, where the sexes are nearly alike, the young partake of the adult colouring, differing only in the markings of the wings and the rufous brown tint of the breast. (Gould.)

Locality.-Java and Sumatra, where it was discovered by Professor Reinwardt, whose name it bears.

This, Mr. Gould observes, is a scarce bird in cabinets of natural history, and he attributes its rarity to its being very local, remarking that the vast collections brought to this country by Sir T. Stamford Raffles and Dr. Horsfield did not contain an example.

Apaloderma Reinwardtii: upper figure, adult male; lower, young bird. (Gould.)

TROGO'NOPHIS, Professor Kaup's name for a genus of reptiles, placed by MM. Duméril and Bibron among the

Chalcidian Lizards, under the Acrodont Glyptoderm Cyclosaurs.

Generic Character.-Teeth solidly fixed on the edge of the jaws, nearly all united together at their base, unequal, conical, blunt or tuberculous, a little compressed, and of unequal number in the intermaxillary bone. Nostrils lateral, small, oval, each pierced in a single plate, the nasorostral one. No limbs. No præanal pores.

The cephalic plates in the only known species are not numerous, and are disposed as in the greater number of Amphisbane. Two of these plates cover the eyes, which in all the species of the subfamily of Glyptoderm Cyclosaurs are entirely deprived of palpebral membranes. The compartments on the surface of the skin are nearly of the same form and size on all the parts of the body, differing thus from the Lepidosterns, on whose breast there is one of a different figure and larger proportion than on the other regions of the animal. There are no crypts on the edges of the cloaca.

Example, Trogonophis Wiegmanni, Kaup (Amphisbana elegans, P. Gerv.). Localities.-Algiers, Bona, and Oran.

TROGUS POMPEIUS, a Roman historian who lived about the time of Augustus. He was descended from a Gallic family of the Vocontii; and his grandfather, who likewise bore the name of Trogus Pompeius, had served in the war against Sertorius, and received the Roman franchise, probably together with the name Pompeius, through the influence of Cn. Pompeius. His father's brother had been commander of a division of the Roman cavalry in the war against Mithridates, and his father had served under Julius Cæsar, by whom he was afterwards employed as private secretary. Besides these general statements furnished by Justin (xliii. 5: compare Justini Praefatio), we know nothing about Trogus Pompeius, except that he is called 'a man of antique eloquence and a most grave author.'

6

He was the author of a Universal History from the time of Ninus, king of Assyria, down to the year 5 B.C. It bore the title Historiae Philippicae et totius mundi origines et terrae situs,' and consisted of 44 books. The original work is now lost, and the only means we have of judging of its merit is an abridgement made by Justinus, which is still extant; and from this it is clear that the author founded his work on the best historical authorities that then existed. The name Historiae Philippicae' was probably chosen because the great body of the work, from book 7 to book 41, contained the history of Macedonia and of the kingdoms that were formed out of the great Macedonian empire, as the founder of which Philip was regarded. The usefulness and convenience of Justinus's abridgement, although it is very unequal in execution, has probably been the cause of the loss of the original work. The geography on which Trogus had treated at some length is entirely lost, as the epitomizer has excluded it from his work. Pliny (Nat. Hist., vii. 3; xi. 94) and some other writers mention a work by Trogus on animals, which is entirely lost.

(Vossius, De Histor. Lat., p. 98, &c.; Bähr, Geschichte der Röm. Lit., p. 409.)

TROIS RIVIERES. [CANADA, p. 214.]

TROITZK is a town in the government of Orenburg in Asiatic Russia, situated on the right bank of the small river Ai or Ui, in 54° 10' N. lat. and 61° 20' E. long., 490 miles from Orenburg. The river Ai forms the frontier of the government towards the steppe of the free Kirghises belonging to what is called the Middle Horde. The town is surrounded with a wall and moat, and contains about 600 houses, with 3000 inhabitants. The public buildings are the cathedral, two mosques, a custom-house, a prison, the barracks, and a school. On the opposite side of the river (over which there is a bridge) stands the bazaar, a wooden building in the form of an oblong parallelogram: the shops are very dark, receiving no light except through the open doors. It is divided by a line of shops from end to end, into two halves; one half is called the Kirghise Bazaar, the other half is similarly divided into two squares, one called the Bokharian, the other the Russian Bazaar. There are only two narrow gates or doors, one leading to the steppe, the other to the bridge across the river to the town. In the Kirghise Bazaar the men, in shabby variously-composed and patched dresses, are seen with camels and horses; the women on saddled cows. The men are chiefly engaged in the sale of horses and oxen, and the women in that of

opposed to the Portuguese admiral; Catz to the admiral of Dunkirk. The action commenced on the 21st. After a sharp fight the ship of the Portuguese admiral was blown up, a number of other vessels sunk or driven on shore, and Don d'Ocquendo obliged to take refuge off Dunkirk with thirteen ships. Thirteen richly laden galleons fell into the hands of the Dutch.

Tromp also rendered important services to his country in the wars of 1640 and 1641; but it was not till Cromwell had seized the helm of government in England that he was again called upon to put forth all his strength. Blake was appointed sole admiral of England for nine months on the 25th of March, 1652, on the prospect of a war with Holland. The first engagement between Blake and Tromp took place off Dover. War had not been declared between the countries at the time; Tromp had been despatched with a fleet of forty sail to be on the alert, and Blake was cruising in the narrow seas. The two commanders appear to have roused their own and each other's passions by a succession of bravadoes, until, losing all control over themselves, they set to fight in earnest. Each in his despatches represented the other as having first begun the action. Night separated the combatants; the English had their ships much cut up, and lost a good many men; but the Dutch lost two ships. It was galling to Tromp to be worsted by a commander new to the sea; and to add to his annoyance he was superseded by Ruyter and Van Witt. The States however soon found it necessary to reinstate him in his command.

On the 29th of November, 1652, he and Blake were again in presence. The Dutch fleet outnumbered the English, but Blake's pride would not allow him to decline the contest: it was a war of passion between the two proud and stubborn nations, and the commanders had made it a personal quarrel. The fight began about two in the morning and lasted till seven in the evening. The Garland and Bonadventure were taken by the Dutch, who also sunk three English frigates and burnt one. Blake, whose reinaining ships were much disabled, retired into the Thames. The Dutch had one ship blown up, and the flag-ships of Tromp and Ruyter were rendered unfit for service till they had been repaired. After this success Tromp sailed up the Channel with a broom at his masthead.

Monk and Deanes were joined in commission with Blake. They sailed from Queensborough with sixty men-of-war in February, 1653, and were joined by twenty from Portsmouth. On the 18th they discovered Tromp in the English Channel, who, with a fleet of seventy men-of-war, was affording convoy to three hundred merchantmen. Blake outsailed his comrades, and, attacking his old enemy, was on the point of being roughly handled by a superior force, when Lawson came up and relieved him. A running fight was kept up from off Portland to the sands of Calais. Tromp anchored his convoy there, in water too shallow for the English men-of-war to venture into, and the merchantships escaped by tiding it home. The Dutch lost more ships than the English, but the loss of men on both sides was about equal.

The States exerted themselves to repair their ships, and Tromp was again appointed to the command, which he accepted with reluctance, not being satisfied with the manner in which the fleet was fitted out. In the beginning of June the English fleet was off the Dutch coast. An engagement took place on the 3rd, at which Blake was not present, and Deane fell. On the 4th Blake came up, and the action was renewed, but no decided advantage was obtained on either side. Blake's impaired health obliged him to quit the fleet, and in Tromp's last battle he was opposed by Monk. The fleets engaged on the 29th of July. Both sides claimed the victory: if anything the English had the advantage; and the Dutch suffered an Irreparable loss in the person of Tromp. He was entombed with great pomp and solemnity at Delft.

Tromp was a thorough seaman; he had learned his profession in the obscure school of adversity. As a warrior it is sufficient praise for him to say that the struggle between him and his kindred spirit Blake was, in so far as they were personally concerned, a drawn battle. He was homely in his manners, and declined every offer to raise him into the ranks of the nobility. He had a large fund of personal benevolence; was proud of no title so much as that of grandfather of the sailors. He had three sons-Marten HarP. C., No. 1589.

pertzoon, Cornelis (the subject of the following memoir), and Adrien; and a daughter, born soon after his great victory in 1639, and baptized in honour of it by the interminable name of Anna-Maria-Victoria-Harpensis-Trom pensis-Dunensis.

TROMP, CORNELIS VAN, second son of the great admiral Marten Harpertzoon Tromp, was born at Rotterdam on the 9th of September, 1629. He was educated for the hereditary profession of his family; and at the early age of twenty-one commanded a ship in the squadron dispatched, under Dewildt, in 1650, against the emperor of Marocco. In 1652 and 1653 he served in Van Galen's fleet in the Mediterranean, and distinguished himself in various engagements. After the action with the English fleet off Livorno, on the 13th March, 1653, in which Van Galen fell, Cornelis Tromp was promoted to the rank of rearadmiral by the admiralty of Amsterdam. He took part in the short sea-campaign of 1656; but after its termination he retired from the service, and continued to lead a private life till 1662.

In that year he was sent with ten ships to the Mediterranean to give convoy to a merchant fleet. While there he inflicted a severe punishment upon the Algerine cruisers. From the Mediterranean he was ordered by the States, who were doubtful of the permanence of the peace with England, and apprehensive for the safety of their merchant vessels, on account of the unceremonious manner in which the English were apt to commence a war by capturing them without any previous declaration, to supply convoy to a rich fleet expected from India. Tromp met with the merchantmen at sea, and succeeded in bringing them all safely into port.

In 1665 the war actually broke out. Tromp with his squadron was attached to the fleet commanded by Wassenaer Van Opdam. On the 13th of July they encountered the English fleet under the duke of York. The Dutch were beat, but Tromp distinguished himself by the skill and courage with which he fought his ship, which suffered severely in the action. The shattered remains of the Dutch fleet sought refuge in the Texel. The States by gigantic efforts soon restored it to a condition to take the sea again. Ruyter was absent on an expedition to the coast of Guinea, and Tromp was the only other commander of sufficient eminence to be trusted with the charge. But the party of the Van Witts, at that time in the ascendant, were jealous of Tromp, who had inherited his father's attachment to the house of Orange. He was ultimately named to the command, but Van Witt, Huygens, and Boreel were appointed commissioners to watch and control him. Tromp had gone on board his vessel when Ruyter returned and was appointed to supersede him. Tromp naturally refused under such circumstances to serve in the fleet.

In 1666 he accepted the command of the Hollandia of 82 guns, and joined the fleet with which Ruyter engaged the English fleet under Albemarle, on the 11th of June. After a severe contest, resumed on four successive days, victory declared for the Dutch. Another engagement took place on the 4th of August, and was renewed on the 5th. Tromp had the advantage over the vice-admiral Smith who was opposed to him; but Ruyter was worsted and only able by the most daring and skilful manœuvres to bring off his shattered ships. Ruyter attributed his defeat to Tromp, who had affected to act an independent part and neglected to support him, and complained of his misconduct. Tromp recriminated, but the States, by the advice of Van Witt, deprived him of his commission, forbade him to hold any communication with the fleet, and placed him under provisory arrest at the Hague. He was soon after allowed to retire to a country-house he had built at Gravensand and called Trompenburg. It was a mansion ridiculous enough, so constructed as to resemble a

man-of-war.

In 1672 he is accused of having manifested an indecent triumph on hearing of the murder of the brothers Van Witt. In 1673 his commission was restored to him by the stadtholder, afterwards William III. A formal reconciliation took place between Tromp and Ruyter. The chief command of the fleet was given to the latter. In the engagements of the 7th and 14th of June with the allied fleets of France and England, Tromp displayed the most reckless courage; but on both occasions he was indebted VOL. XXV.-2 Q

A descent on the coast of France was projected by the States, and Tromp was appointed to carry it into execution. He sailed on this expedition from the Texel on the 17th of May, 1674: the land forces were commanded by Count Horn. They were disembarked at Belle-Isle, but returned on board without effecting anything, the fortress having been judged impregnable. They were afterwards landed at Noirmoutier, where they merely levied some contributions. Tromp then proceeded to Cadiz, where he took charge of a merchant fleet, and convoyed it in safety to the Texel.

In 1675 Tromp visited England, and was created a baron by Charles II. In 1676 he was despatched with a fleet to assist the king of Denmark in his war with Sweden. The king, for his services, conferred upon him the order of the Elephant, and the rank of Count. Count van Tromp, on his return to Holland, was appointed lieutenant admiralgeneral of the United Provinces, a post left vacant by the death of Ruyter. He accompanied the prince of Orange in the expedition against St. Omer. After this he retired from public life, and continued in retirement till 1691. He was induced in that year to accept the command of a fleet destined to act against France, but died at Amsterdam on the 21st (some say the 29th) of May, before its equipments were completed. He was interred at Delft. His professional eminence was beyond question, though in that point of view he was scarcely equal to his father; while both as a man and citizen he was in worth far inferior to him.

TROMSÖE. [TRONDHIEM.] TRONA, the African name for native sesquicarbonate of soda. [SODIUM.]

TRONCHIN, THEODORE, was born at Geneva in 1709. His father was of noble family, but was ruined in 1721 by some financial speculations, and in 1727 was obliged to send his son to England, where he was placed under the care of his relative lord Bolingbroke, who sent him to study at Cambridge. Shortly afterwards, he went to Leyden to study medicine under Boerhaave. In 1731, at the conclusion of his medical studies, he settled as a physician at Amsterdam, where he was appointed inspector of hospitals, and married a grand-niece of John de Witt. In 1750 he returned to Geneva, and was appointed honorary Professor of Medicine. In this office, though no duties were necessarily connected with it, he delivered lectures, which were very numerously attended. But he obtained his chief renown by his support of the practice of inoculation for the small-pox, the propriety of which was at that time much discussed. He became the most celebrated inoculator of his day. In 1756 he was called to Paris to inoculate the children of the duke of Orleans, and in 1765 to Italy to perform the same operation on those of the duke of Parma, who conferred patrician rank upon him, and made him his first physician. In the same year the duke of Orleans appointed him his physician, and he went to reside in Paris, where he soon obtained a very extensive practice. He was a man of cultivated mind, and of very pleasing appearance and address, qualities which probably, more than any great amount of medical knowledge, gained for him a very high repute, both during his life and for some years after his death. He was especially celebrated for his success in the medical management of women and children; and his practice, as far as it is recorded, seems to have been guided by good judgment and common sense. He was, moreover, a kind-hearted and charitable man, devoting two hours in every day to giving advice and money to the poor. He was a member of the chief learned societies of Europe. He died at Paris in 1781.

The only published works which Tronchin has left are two theses De Nympha,' Leyden, 1736, 4to., and De Colicâ Pictorum,' Geneva, 1757, 8vo.; some observations on Ophthalmia and Hernia, in the 5th volume of the 'Mémoires de l'Académie de Chirurgie;' and an edition of the Works of Baillou.

(Condorcet, Eloge, in the Histoire de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, 1781.)

TROND (or TRON), SAINT, is an inland town in the province of Limburg in the kingdom of Belgium, in 50° 50′ N. lat. and 5° 12′ E. long. It is situated on the Mesebeck, on the high road from Brussels to Liege, where there was formerly a celebrated Benedictine abbey,

(Hassel, Geographie; Cannabich, Geographie; Stein, Handbuch der Geographie, edited by Hörschelmann.) TRONDHIEM, more commonly known by the name of Drontheim, but in the country itself pronounced Tronyem, is the most northern of the provinces of Norway, extending from 62° N. lat. to 71° 10' N. lat. It lies between 5° and 31° E. long. Near its southern boundary it extends more than 200 miles from west to east, but between 65° and 69° N. lat. its width hardly ever exceeds 60 miles. North of 69° however it grows wider, and in some places the width amounts to 150 miles. On the west and north it is bounded by the sea, on the east are Russia and Sweden, and on the south the Norwegian provinces of Christiania and Bergen. Its area is stated to be about 60,000 square miles, so that it exceeds a little that of England, Wales included.

Trondhiem comprehends the countries situated on the northern declivity of the Norrska Fiellen, and those which lie on the western and steeper slope of the Kiölen Mountains: the greater part of it is exceedingly mountainous, and very little fit for agricultural purposes. This circumstance, united to the severity of the climate, must be considered as the cause of its very small population. A few years ago the whole population did not exceed 300,000 individuals, which gives only 5 persons to the square mile. Trondhiem is divided into three sections, Proper Trondhiem, Nordland, and Finmarken.

Trondhiem Proper comprehends the countries enclosing the Bay of Trondhiem, or Trondhiem Fiord. Among the numerous inlets by which the rocky coast of this country is indented the Trondheims Fiord is the most important. Its entrance from the sea is near 63° 30' N. lat., and it runs about 60 miles inland, measured in a straight line; but as it forms, as it were, the section of a circle, its whole length measured is near 90 miles. Towards its eastern extremity it is divided into three arms by an island (Ytteröe) and a peninsula, and these arms are called, from south to north, Verdals Fiord, Ytteröe Fiord, and Beitstad Fiord. Beitstad Fiord is united to Trondhiems Fiord by a narrow channel about 5 miles in length. The width of Trondhiems Fiord varies in general between 3 and 5 miles, exceeding these dimensions only where short arms branch off from the main body of the fiord.

The Country South of Trondhiems Fiord lies on the northern declivity of the Lang Field and Dovre Field, which are portions of the Norrska Fiellen. [NORRSKA FIELLEN.] The coast-line extends from Cape Stadtland, the most southern extremity of the province, to the entrance of Trondhiems Fiord, nearly due north-east. It is, more than any other part of the Norwegian coast, intersected by arms of the sea, which do not, as is the case farther south, run in straight lines from the sea inland, but extend in different directions, so that a portion of the country near the sea is converted by them into islands, whilst the remainder forms numerous peninsulas. The largest of the islands thus formed are towards the north, nearly opposite Trondhiems Fiord, and are called Froyen, Hitteren, and Smölen. Hitteren is nearly 30 miles long, and on an average 10 wide. These islands are rocky and high, but not mountainous, the heights on them rising only to the elevation of hills. Their soil is indifferent, and agriculture is limited. But they are partly covered with woods, in which deer are common. The islands which lie farther south and nearer the coast are in general much more elevated, and the summit of that of Tusteren, south of Smölen, probably exceeds 4000 feet above the sea-level, as it is hardly ever free from snow. The coast of the mainland is high, and usually rises with a steep precipice from the sea to an elevation of a few hundred feet. Cape Stadtland is between 700 and 800 feet high, and its southern side is a line of precipices. The peninsula which lies south of the entrance of Trondhiems Fiord is nearly as elevated. Along the whole of the outer coast