others; the external side often thick and furrowed (guilloché). M. de Blainville divides the genus into the following sections: 4. Subturriculate species with an oblique aperture; Example, Turbo albescens. Example, Turbo Pharaonis. C. Less trochoid species, subglobular, umbilicated or not, with the whorls of the spire rounded; the columella terminated by a tooth. (Genus Monodonta, Lam.; Labio, Óken.) Example, Turbo Labio. D. Species more or less globular, whose nearly straight columella offers only a small arret at its junction with the lip. Subfam. Ampullarinæ. Genera-Valvata; AMPULLARIA (with the subgenera Ampullaria, Pachylabra, Lanites (Lanistes?), and Ceratodes); Paludina (with the subgenera Paludina and Nematura); Meladomus. Subfam. Melanianæ. Genera:-Paludomus (with the subgenera Paludomus, Anculosa, and Hemimitra); Melania (with the subgenera Melacantha, Melania, Potadoma, Hemisinus, and Melanella); Melanopsis (with the subgenera Melanopsis, Melanithes, Canthidomus, and Melatoma); Cerithidea (with the subgenera Triphorus, Cerithidea, and Ceriphasia); Planaxis. Subfam. Turbinæ. Animal marine; shell solid, spiral; aperture round or oval, entire, sometimes toothed. Genera:-Scalaria; Turritella (with the subgenera Rissoa, Turritella, Eulima, Pyramidella, and Truncatella); Turbo, Linn. (with the following character:-shell turbinate; spire short, generally pointed, not longer than the aperture; inner lip flattened, broad. Example, Turbo littoreus, the common winkle'); and the subgenus TorE. Species in which the aperture is oblique, the colu-natella; Melampus (with the subgenera Geovula, Pedipes, mella losing itself entirely in its continuation with the lip, and which are not umbilicated. Example, Turbo fragarioïdes. Example, Turbo rugosus. F. Species which, with the same characters, have the umbilicus always open. (Genus Meleagris, Montf.) J. Species whose aperture is a little semicircular and the spire lateral and flattened; operculum horny. Example, Turbo neritoïdes. M. de Blainville observes that Lamarck characterises twenty-three living species of Monodonta, but no fossil species; thirty-four living species of Turbo and four fossil. M. de Blainville further adds that species of the genus as limited by him occur in all seas, and that there are ten or twelve in the French seas, only one of which is a Monodonta. He then refers to Defrance as having announced fifty fossil Monodonta and twenty-eight fossil Turbines, three of which are identical with living species-two in the Plaisantin, and one in England; and concludes his remarks by stating that the character of the operculum may serve to confirm the sections of this genus; and that the Monodonte may belong to the preceding family (Trochus): in fact the species of our seas has a multispiral operculum. M. Rang thus characterises the Turbines of Férussac, which he makes the first family of the Pectinibranchiata :Animal furnished with two subulate contractile tentacles; the eyes at their base. Shell variable in form, with a rounded or oval aperture, the borders but slightly or not at all disunited, without either canal or notch. Operculum horny or calcareous. Subgenera :-Paludina, Melania, Rissoa, Littorina, Turritella, Proto, Vermetus, Siliquaria, Magilus, Valvata, and Natica. The Turbines are immediately followed by the Trochoides in M. Rang's arrangement. Mr. Swainson's views with regard to Turbo, to a certain extent, are stated in the article TROCHIDE, ante, p. 268. His family Turbida, placed between the Helicidae and the Naticida, contains the following subfamilies and genera. We should premise that he characterises the family as having a shell solid, but not perlaceous, spiral: aperture entire, closed with an operculum. Subfam.? Thallicera. Genus Thallicera, Quoy. Scarabus, Melampus, and Rhodostoma); Scissurella. In a note to Turbo Mr. Swainson says that Tuba, Assiminea, and Monotigma may be subgenera, but he is not acquainted with them; and as their animals appear to be unknown, he is fearful of locating them incorrectly. Of Tornatella he says that it possibly unites Turbo to Melampus, giving as a reason that it is the only one which has that sort of colouring peculiar to marine shells. (Malacology.) Mr. J. E. Gray makes the Turbinidæ, the first family of the first section (Podophthalma) of his second order (Phytophaga) of the 1st class (Gasteropoda) of the subkingdom Mollusca, consist of the following genera : Turbo, Batillus, Imperator, Trochiscus, Phasianella, Thicolia. The Turbinde are immediately succeeded by the Trochida. (Synopsis Mus. Brit.) Turbo. MM. Quoy and Gaimard, who give a figure illustrative of the anatomy of Turbo marmoratus, the largest and perhaps the best-known species of Turbo, select the animal as the type of the organization of the genus, and thus describe its structure : The head is large, escutcheoned (ecussonée), heartshaped, and provided with two short, slender, obtuse tentacles, coming out from between the ocular peduncles; and there is an internal prismatic appendage, which MM. Quoy and Gaimard call a palmette, because it is frequently digitated. The peduncles, which carry very small eyes at their extremity, are themselves triangular. The mouth is elongated into a sort of very moveable proboscis, enlarged, and a little drawn in (rentrée) at its extremity, expanding more or less largely on the foot. From the base of the eyes issues a fleshy, undulated, and sometimes filamentous fringe, which loses itself on the sides of the root of the foot, which last is very large, thick, and oval, carrying a stony operculum, which is convex above, and membranous and paucispiral on its lower surface. It is, perhaps, the largest and heaviest of all known opercula. The pulmonary cavity is very large, horizontally divided by a membrane, on which are applied, above and below, the branchial lamellæ. This organ, then, observe MM. Quoy and Gaimard, is double, and a little oblique from left to right; its single point is free, and directed towards the right edge of the mantle. It even appears a little externally. Below this partition, and on the same side, are seen the following organs:-1st, the free and fringed point of the anus; 2nd, the tube, in form of a proboscis, of the organ which secretes the purple dye. It penetrates into a large lamellose cavity, above which repose the end of the intestine and the body of the uterus: 3rd, farther backwards, the uterus, of a cylindrical form, the linear crescent-shaped aperture of which is not terminal, but placed above. Its internal walls are villous and velvety. It is the same, observe the describers, in the Monodoniæ of our coasts. MM. Quoy and Gaimard do not know what purpose is served by a large fasciculus of tubes coadapted to each other, separated transversely by another tube, applied upon the rectum and corresponding to the uterus. As this organ has some analogy with the circumvolutions of the uterus of the Pterocerata, MM. Quoy and Gaimard think it may belong to generation. The heart is elongated, very delicate, and attached upon the rectum at the part where it begins to form a loop. It has two auricles, one anterior and the other posterior, to receive the blood from each gill. The mouth is a fleshy mass, ovoïd, and provided with protractor and retractor muscles, with a horny bifid plate at its aperture, and with a rather long and wide tongue furnished with strong hooks. As in Parmophorus, the oesophagus contains four long, membranous, and very villous folds. Its salivary glands form but a moderate bundle placed below. The tract of the oesophagus is rather long before it enters the liver, where, partially, is placed the stomach, which last is very ample, globular, and divided, as it were, into two compartments internally: the cardiac portion is smooth, folded longitudinally; the pyloric covered with linear granulations, converging towards the aperture. A little farther on, the intestine forms many close-set circumvolutions, whence issues the great loop which terminates by the rectum. The liver is enormous, and composes of itself nearly the whole of the spiral portion of the animal (tortillon), embracing, as has already been observed, a portion of the stomach and intestine into which it pours the bile. It did not appear to MM. Quoy and Gaimard to be easily divisible into lobes. It is covered by an organ consisting of a delicate layer, ordinarily of a different colour, most frequently of a pale yellow, which MM. Quoy and Gaimard suppose to belong to generation. Perhaps, they observe, one might look for the analogue of a penis in the spirallyrolled body seen on the left side of the liver. But though MM. Quoy and Gaimard avow that they have not been able to follow out the relations of this spiral with the uterus or its appendages, they are certain that it has no reference to the tongue. The nervous system, they observe, differs from that of the other mollusks, in having the upper ring placed very near the mouth, and the lower more backward below the cesophagus. They remark that one may easily overlook it, and take another loop for it, especially in Haliotis. Ganglionary points of this nervous circle give off filaments for all parts of the body. The colour of the foot is grass-green on the sides, slightly brown above, and of a beautiful yellow below; the head is red-brown and striated, with a narrow green band at the base of the eyes and the palmettes. These four appendages are bordered with green, as well as the muzzle, which is striated with brown. The tentacles and the edge of the lateral fringe of the feet are green also. The contour of the mantle is yellow, and the operculum white (we may add, externally, for on the inside it is chestnut). The anatomy of this Turbo is given in the atlas of the Astrolabe (Zoologie, pl. 59, f. 10). Living specimens were brought to the Astrolabe at Amboyna, and there only, by the Malays; and MM. Quoy and Gaimard could not obtain any account of the habits of this species. They add that the inhabitants of Vagiou probably eat it, for they often found the shells of this Turbo empty upon the heap of other molluscous shells, from which the natives obtain food. (Astrolabe.) The number of living species of Turbo, recorded by M. Deshayes in his tables, is fifty-six. Examples.-Turbo marmoratus. Shell subovate, very ventricose, imperforate, smooth, green marbled with white and brown or subfasciated; the last whorl transversely nodulous in a triple series, the upper nodules greatest; the lip at the base flattened into a short subreflected tail-like process; mouth silvery. This shell when deprived of its external layer exhibits a silvery, iridescent, and very brilliant nacre. Turbo torquatus. Description.-Shell orbiculate-convex, broadly and deeply umbilicated, transversely sulcated, substriated with close-set longitudinal lamellæ of a grey-green colour; whorls above, coronated; the last girt with a median carina; spire blunt at the apex. (Lam.) MM. Quoy and Gaimard state that the foot of this Turbo often takes a quadrilateral form, but it can elongate itself into a trumpet-shape, as they have represented it: it is vellow below, dotted with red-brown on the lateral parts. Turbo marmoratus. a a, View of back; b, view of mouth with the operculum in; c, inside of oper culum. The mouth is under an enlarged hood, which is notched, greenish, and striated below, striped with red-brown above. The tentacles, moderately long for the size of the animal, are yellowish, annulated with brown. They carry the eyes at their base upon a fringed pedicle. The palmettes are equally laciniated. The lateral fringes of the foot have only a single yellowish filament. The parts contained in the spire are also yellowish, après la cuisson. The oval operculum is remarkable for its doubly spiral guillochure of a fine white, and granulated. The shell, when deprived of its first layer, is beautifully nacreous. This species, which grows to a large size, inhabits King George's Sound. Only a few individuals were found alive. Turbo Cookii. Description.-Shell orbiculate-convex, with a ventricose dilated base, longitudinally plicate, rough, rufo-fuscescent; the plications very frequent, close-set, oblique, imbricato-squamous; the whorls convex; lower surface rather convex, concentrically rugous, and imperforate. (Lam.) The animal has long, filiform, white tentacles, dotted with red-brown, without palmettes at their internal part; the eyes pediculated. The mouth is elongated in form of a proboscis, or is widened into a hood. It is white, striated transversely with black. The foot is large, yellowish, dotted with brown below, with a median line of the same colour. The operculum is oval, rounded at one of its extremities with an oblong fosset, sometimes paucispiral. It is white and greenish. Its spiral is less pronounced than in the greater portion of the other Turbines. Locality.-MM. Quoy and Gaimard found this species in great numbers in Tasman's Bay, New Zealand, in the Bight of the Astrolabe (l'Anse de l'Astrolabe), and on the reefs of the Passe des Français. They add that one may judge of its small degree of locomotion from the dirty incrustation, so difficult to be removed, with which the shell is covered. It grows to considerable size. (Astrolabe.) The number of living species above noticed is below the mark, and in all probability does not include the species described by Sowerby and others. (Müller's Synopsis.) Turbo has been found at depths ranging from the surface to ten fathoms, on rocks and weeds. M. Deshayes gives thirty-four as the number of fossil species (tertiary), and of these Turbo rugosus, a new species, and T. costatus, are stated to be found both living and fossil (tertiary). Among the Fossil Shells from the Western Borders of the Red Sea, communicated by Mr. Greenough to Mr. Lyell, Turbines chrysostomus and petholatus are noticed. Turbines naticoides, nitens, and lineata, appear in Mr. Lea's list of new tertiary fossils from Claiborne, Alabama (Contributions to Geology). The genus occurs also in the strata below the chalk. Five species are enumerated by Mr. Murchison from the Silurian rocks. The number of living species of Monodonta given by M. Deshayes in his tables is forty-two, and eight are recorded as fossil (tertiary). Monodonta Pharaonis is noted as occurring in more than one tertiary formation. Among the Turbo Cookii. a, Shell; b, shell seen from below, animal nearly in profile; c, anterior part of animal seen from below; d, inside of operculum; e, outside. (Astrolabe.) Recent Monodonta have been found generally on rocks and weeds. The number of species of Littorina given by M. Deshayes in his tables is twenty-four, and ten are recorded as fossil (tertiary). Littorinee littorea and striata are noted as found both living and fossil (tertiary). Littorina occurs also below the chalk. Dr. Fitton, for instance, records seven species in his Stratigraphical List. Most of these are from the lower green-sand, but one is from the Portland stone, and another from the Oxford oolite. Mr. Murchison records a species from the Silurian rocks (Caradoc limestone). Recent Littorina (the common periwinkle is an example) are generally found on rocks and weeds near and MM. Quoy and Gaimard express their opinion that the Phasianella are true Turbines, in all the forms of their organization, and that they ought only to form a division in the genus. These shells, they observe, once so rare, began to be of less value in consequence of Baudin's voyage, and that of the Astrolabe has rendered them common. The place probably most frequented by them is, according to these zoologists, Port Western in Bass's Strait. They cover the sandy beaches of this vast tract. Each tide carries these mollusks to the shore, where they live high and dry for some hours, and endeavour to withdraw themselves from the heat of the sun by hiding under the fuci. Under such shelter they congregate so numerously that seventy-six were found under one of these plants. The Phasianella, observe the same zoologists, are always smooth. This polish, and, still more, their continual movements, prevent them from being covered with Serpulæ, Flustre, and other parasites which encrust sluggish shells. This agitation makes it difficult for them to preserve the contour of their aperture perfect, for it is very frail. In millions of individuals MM. Quoy and Gaimard always found the lip trenchant, never thick or with a border. The species appeared to them very difficult to characterise, both with regard to the animal and the shell. The last especially presents so much diversity of colour, and sometimes of form, that one may be deceived, and advance simple varieties to the rank of species. MM. Quoy and Gaimard saw some of these shells, which were brown and greenish during life, become red after death by the solar action, &c. The most common tint of these mollusks is stated by them to be brown dotted with greenish. This colour is proper to those whose shells are nearly of a similar hue; whilst those which approach white or are speckled with red have the animal of a grass-green. These are lively active animals, and voracious withal, for they were taken in nets baited with flesh let down into the sea. Their foot, endowed with great mobility, is elongated like a proboscis: its great peculiarity is its faculty of moving in two portions as it were, that is to say, each of its sides advances separately and successively; and a longitudinal gutter may be perceived on its lower sur face. On the coasts of New Holland, the Phasianella found at King George's Sound are larger and less numerous than at Port Western. They are few in number on the coasts of Van Diemen's Land. The operculum is always cal careous. Example.-Phasianella bulimoides. Description.-Shell oblong-conical, smooth, pale yellow, transversely banded; the bands frequent and diversely variegated and spotted; spire acute at the apex. The animals are generally of a fine green nearly throughout. One will have more white dots on the foot, and another a violet or reddish spot on the lateral fringes of the foot; a third will have this organ yellowish and slightly fringed upon the borders. In all the tentacles are slender and long, the ocular peduncles stout and button-shaped, the palmettes laciniated. The muzzle, which is elongated a little in the form of a proboscis not retractile, can also modify itself into the shape of a rounded scutcheon (écusson). The fringes of the sides of the feet are very finely laciniated, and sometimes present brown ramifications of vessels; they carry three greenish filaments on each side. The operculum is oval, calcareous, slightly convex, white, and covered for a portion of its contour by a fleshy lamina of the foot which supports it. Locality. Very common at Port Western, being the species above alluded to, and larger at King George's Sound. MM. Quoy and Gaimard observe, that Lamarck indicates it as coming from New Zealand: this, they remark, is possible, but they never found any traces of Phasianella there. The animals above described came from King George's Sound, Phasianella bulimeides. a, animal and shell seen from below; b, the same seen from above; The number of species enumerated by M. Deshayes in his tables amounts to nine living and four fossil (tertiary). Of these Phasianella pullus is noted as recent and fossil (tertiary). Phasianella occurs also below the chalk. Dr. Fitton records three species, all from Blackdown, for example. Here we may notice the genus Tuba of Lea, which that acute zoologist thus defines:Shell conical, umbilicate; whorls rounded; mouth round; margin not united above; columella thickened and reflected at the base. This genus,' says Mr. Lea, is nearly allied to Turbo and to the RISSOA of Freminville; but not being able, with propriety, to place it with either, I propose to constitute for it a new genus. The reflected margin, which is disposed to be effuse, has at the base some similarity to the Melania, and therefore cannot be placed in the genus Turbo. It cannot be placed in the genus Rissoa, being umbilicated. In eight species of Rissoa in my cabinet, all are thickened round the margin, forming a varix. The Tuba has no thickening of this kind, the margin being crenulate. The Rissoa has an acute apex, while that of the Tuba is almost truncate, the superior whorls being smooth and gibbous. Mr. Sowerby's "Mineral Conchology," plate 395, figures a shell (Turbo sculptus), which, I think, should be placed in this genus. It is from the London clay of Barton. Of it, and the preceding one, he says, they do not agree precisely with the character of the genus Turbo of Lamarck;" and further, "they form a passage towards Delphinula." Mr. Lea enumerates three species from Claiborne, Alabama (tertiary). (Contribu- | known and two Pileoli. But immediately afterwards he tions to Geology.) says that Defrance reckons five species of fossil Nerits, two of which are analogues (Italy) according to Brocchi; and five species of Neritinæ, two from the same country, and four Pileoli. We proceed to the consideration of the genera Nerita, Navicella, and Natica, which, though they cannot be said to belong to the Turbinida, especially the lastnamed genus, which we shall find to be very peculiar, are yet so far analogous to the forms which compose that family, that they may as well find a place here. Nerita, Linn. Linnæus placed the genus Nerita between Helix and Haliotis, and he divided the genus into the following sections: * Umbilicata. Species: canrena, glaucina, vitellus, albumen, mammillata. ** Imperforate, with a toothless lip. Species: corona, radula, cornea, fluviatilis, littoralis, and lacustris. *** Imperforate, with a toothed lip. Species: pulligera, pupa, bidens, viridis, virginea, polita, peloronta, albicila, histrio, plicata, grossa, chameleon, undata, and exuvia. We find then that in the Systema Naturæ Linnæus made no marked distinction between the marine and freshwater Nerits. The Neritacea of Lamarck comprise the genera Navicella, Neritina (Freshwater Nerits), Nerita (Marine Nerits), Natica, and JANTHINA. Cuvier makes the Nerites (Nerita, Linn.) immediately follow the Janthines, and includes under them Natica, Lam.; the Nerits, properly so called (Nerita, Lam.; Peloronta, Oken); Velates, Montf. (Nerita perversa, Gmel., a large fossil species); Neritina, Lam. and Clithon, Montf. (the crowned Neritines). M. de Blainville's Hemicyclostomata, equivalent to Nerita, Linn., comprise the genera Natica, Nerita, and Navicella, or, as he terms it, Septaria. Nerita he divides into the following sections : Right lip toothed. (Genus Nerita, Lam.) M. Rang adopts the arrangement of M. de Blainville, and condemns Lamarck for generically separating the marine and freshwater Nerits. M. Rang says that there are many species of fossil Nerits. Mr. Swainson places the family Naticide between his Turbide and Trochida, making it consist of the following subfamilies and genera. His arrangement is, he says, founded on the shells only, from ignorance of the animals of the major part : Subfam. 1. Naticinæ. Sea-Snails. Genera: Nerita, Linn. (with the subgenus Neritopsis, Gray); Neritina, Lam. (with the subgenera Clithon, Velotes (Velates), Pileolus, and Navicella). (Malacology.) Mr. J. E. Gray makes the Neritide the sixth family of his Podophthalma, and places it between the Fissurellidæ and the Ampullariade. Mr. Gray's Neritida comprise the following genera :-Nerita, Pileolus, Culana, Neritina, Clithon, Dostia, Velates, and Navicella. Adanson appears to have been the first to make known the animal of a Nerita, and Cuvier afterwards, in his 'Anatomie Comparée,' gave an outline of it: M. de Blainville has added some further details in the zoology o the Uranie, from individuals brought home by MM. Quoy and Gaimard, who, in the zoology of the Astrolabe, thus follow out those details. The Nerits are marine or freshwater animals, a modification of habit which MM. Quoy and Gaimard think suffi cient for establishing a simple division between these mollusks, which Lamarck erroneously in their opinion separated into two genera-Nerita and Neritina; for their A. Species with a single median tooth on the left lip. organization is entirely similar. Thus the Nerita, with a (Genus Peloronta, Oken.) Example, Nerita peloronta. B. Species with two teeth. Example, Nerita exuvia. C. Species with three or fourth teeth. Example, Nerita lineata. **The right lip not toothed. (Genus Neritina, Lam.) D. Species less thick, with the right lip trenchant, and the operculum very oblique. (Genus Neritina, Lam.) Example, Neritina fluviatilis. E. Species whose columellar lip is toothed, and which are provided with spines. Example, Nerita corona. F. Species with the columellar lip toothed; the two extremities of the right lip prolonged much beyond the aperture, and forming, with the callosity which covers the columellar lip, a sort of auricles produced by the tentacular lobe of the animal. Example, Nerita auriculata. G. Calyptroïd species, with the upper summit vertical and spired; the last whorl forming the whole base of the shell, and occupied below by a large callosity, which sometimes covers the whole spire. (Genus Velates, Montf.) Example, Nerita perversa. H. Patelloïd species, which are elongated, non-symmetrical, with a dorsal summit, and not spired. (Genus Pileolus, Sow.) Example, Nerita altavillensis. M. de Blainville observes that this genus is formed of marine and fluviatile species, which led Lamarck to subdivide it into two genera, according to the thickness of the shell, which is greatest in the first, and the denticles on the right lip, which are entirely null in the second. M. de Blainville's observations lead him to the conclusion that the species are still more easily distinguished by the sculpture (guillochis) of the external surface of the operculum than by any other character. He remarks that Lamarck enumerates seventeen species of Marine Nerits, which are all from the equatorial and southern seas, and twenty-one River Nerits, or Neritina, two of which only are European and the others belonging to America and Asia. M. de Blainville states that only two fossil Nerits are comparatively thick shell, which is very rarely furnished with an epidermis, are always found in the sea; and the Neritina of Lamarck, whose shell is more delicate and almost constantly covered with an epidermis, are always inhabitants of fresh-water: a single instance of one of these Neritine having wandered into the sea, they may, they say, perhaps have had to cite. The Nerits have a particular and distinctive appearance: they pass a part of their life out of the water without ever removing to a distance from it. Those which haunt streams or marshes may adhere to the leaves of trees, but without going on land. Those which are found on land are carried there by Paguri or by some accident. Marine Nerits are also seen at the mouth of rivers; and MM. Quoy and Gaimard remark that these are transitions which nearly all the mollusks undergo without suffering much. MM. Quoy and Gaimard state that they were sometimes astonished to see these animals bear, upon the black rocks, all the action of an equatorial sun without appearing to be affected by it. They owe this faculty to providing, when they adhere, some drops of water which sufficiently refresh their branchiæ. This store, or what is left of it, they discharge when they are lifted from the rock. The Nerits are very widely spread in warm climates. They are gregarious, and many species are found grouped on the same rock. Some love sheltered nooks, others are exposed to the fury of the waves; and, among those which haunt fresh-waters, some live in the deeps in the midst of the strongest currents; others, on the contrary, keep themselves in the slime of marshes. In their sufficiently agile movements their lips are constantly observed in motion. The animal has a large head, a little notched in front, with two rounded lobes on the sides. The aperture of the mouth, which is subjacent to this sort of hood, is wide and plicated. The tentacles are always very long, pointed, and soft, carrying the eyes at their base upon a pedicle. The foot is oval, narrowed, a little pointed behind, wide in front, with a marginal furrow, and sometimes a depression, which gives it the appearance of being slightly lobated. The edges of the mantle are fringed, so as to correspond with the internal furrows of the shell. There is no siphon. The pulmonary cavity is proportionally very large; a single, long, triangular, and pointed gill traverses it from |