Global Ecology

activities aerosols air temperature albedo anthropogenic approximately areas atmosphere autotrophic autotrophic plants average temperature biomass biosphere boundary Budyko calculations carbon dioxide cent changes in climate climatic conditions coefficient components concentration of carbon continents corresponding declines dependence direct radiation Earth-atmosphere system Earth's surface ecological systems energy balance environment equation evaporation evolution existence extinction factors flow fluctuations forests formula geographical zones glaciation global ecological heat balance herbivorous high latitudes hydrosphere ice cover increases inflow of heat influence kcal/cm² layer lithosphere living organisms magnitude major man's meteorological middle latitudes Northern Hemisphere noted numerical models oceans organic matter oxygen period Phanerozoic photosynthesis photosynthetically active radiation Pleistocene population possible precipitation processes quantity radiation balance reduction regions relation relatively represents reptiles result run-off soil solar constant solar energy solar radiation species stratosphere studies substantially thermal regime tion total radiation tropical Upper Paleolithic values various volume water balance water exchange water vapour zonality