means simply co-operation, recognition of mutual dependence. Is it any wonder that out of the intricacy of mutual helpfulness and antagonism, in every atom of nature, by which alone physical evolution was possible, arose the intricate interrelationship of individuals, whereby, through helpfuiness and antagonism, ethical evolution is possible--and we obey and live, or disobey and die? From the mute attraction and repulsion in inorganic forces, whereby worlds are formed, up to the articulated hate and love whereby sons of God are created, there is but one deep, all-permeating operation.

Whither does this idea of co-operation at last lead us, but to the magnificent interdependence of the Infinite Will and our finite purposes; in the relation of father and child -making at last the ligature of the universe to be love, binding to the lowest the highest, and lifting the lowest by the power of sympathy to the bosom of the highest? So the universe is transformed from a struggle of forces to a fellowship of individuals; from a brute-force selfishness to a moral self-sacrificing co-operation; and in this final result, this divine end, we are one. He is the greatest of men who is the at-one-er-who, out of the multifold antagonism of evolution, aids most to produce the Holy Oneness of Eternal Love.

The crude view of the world as the work of an Omnipotent Creator, kept ever before our eyes the strange defects in the plan; the presence of death, yes, the evident prevision that made, as a part of the system, death-dealing plants and animals. What carnage! what ruthlessness! what death-dealing contrivances !-from the strongest to the least, ravening and selfishness. There was no solution but that the original plan had been disrupted—an evil power had interfused sin and ruin where benevolence alone had been devised. The world was under the wrath of God because of its alliance to this antagonist of the Creator; and henceforth whatever of good might come must come by supernatural interference.

But the study of evolution, at the first bringing foremost the idea of struggle, and the survival of the fittest, left our minds still dwelling on the ravin and destruction that permeate nature. What, after all, had we gained but a red-toothed Nature in place of a vindictive Creator-natural hate and selfishness in place of autocratic egoismanarchy in the place of czarism?

It has been my purpose in this lecture to show that, from the very outset, evolution has implied something besides a mere brute struggle for existence; that it involved a mutual helpfulness and co-operation for a common good, and that Nature stood pledged in the cell to create a moral intelligence, and in every cataclysm to establish as the ultimate law "On earth peace, good-will to men."

It has also been my purpose to bring out the duality of Nature, as in earlier lectures the unity; but, as we see, there is no unity except in the multifold, and that the multifold can exist only in unity.

LECTURE II.

DRIVING THE GOLDEN SPIKES.

WHEN the Northern Pacific Railroad was completed President Villard made the event memorable by driving a spike of gold where the last rail joined the two extremes. The evolution of humanity has been signalized at well-defined points of progress by its golden spikes. Nature antecedent, as I have shown you, approached by easy stages the structure of the anthropoid. She had at last the head sitting well forward with cerebral foresight; hands freed largely from serving in locomotion; and the germinal language of gestures and vocalization. The work, however, was far from being done. Instead of man's being created by a God, he has had for the most part to create himself. I should seriously fail of my purpose in these lectures if I failed to show you that by evolution we can account not only for man, but for all that man has become, and has done. You may readily trace customs, habits, beliefs, tools, morals, religion, literature, arts, backward to very humble origins in or before the beginnings of human career. The first cave-man who scratched the outline of a reindeer on a bone was the father of all etchers, engravers, and painters. The lineal predecessor of Mozart and Handel was a rude fellow who scraped an accord on the bones of a jackal he had slain, or blew a rough blast with the horn of a conquered ox. The traditions that point back to a golden age of wisdom and happiness find no facts to

rest upon. On the contrary, the Chinese tradition is nearer correct, which affirms that their ancestors lived in caves, ate raw flesh, with only fingers to tear it; and that only after many ages great minds invented means for kindling fire, and making clothing of skins. Evidence points only to a primitive creature without fire, clothes, language, tools, or houses; and with only this advantage, a dawning consciousness of his needs and his wretchedness.

We may conceive several influences in operation to propel the anthropoid to become a creature of progress. First of all was that innate propulsion which from the very lowest forms of life ever pushed upward and onward; the inevitable purpose in Nature-the divinity that does shape our ends. Second was the influence of somewhat greater minds, that flashed out of the dead level. In her account of the Ainos Miss Bird tells us of one, Pipichiri, who had resolved not to drink the intoxicating saké. 66 "We must drink to the gods or die," said they all. But Pipichiri said: "You say well, give saké to the gods; but do not drink it for them." What must necessarily be the power of one moral genius like this? Already this Aino youth. had formed a small society pledged against drunkenness. Thirdly, we may be sure that circumstances of special misery and danger roused, at times, dormant energy to its highest purpose. The glaciers, abrading from the earth a feeble race, selected therefrom a hardier stock, and a vastly wiser Accident also must have conspired then, as now, to set in operation influences of mighty propelling force; as the discovery of a metal; or the isolation of a race on an island, thus relieving it somewhat from its enemies; or the invention of a simple weapon or tool.

one.

Where was the beginning? where the biped with larger brains that could fairly be called no longer animal, but man ? Geology denominates the present era Tertiary. Reckoning backward, we go down first to the Pleistocene; next the Pliocene, next to the Miocene, and then the

Eocene. These Tertiary rocks, about five millions of years in making, are the special home of the mammals. No traces of man are found as yet below the Miocene; although it is judged by many that his history really covers the whole of the Tertiary period.

But in the Pliocene era everything began to look more as it does to-day. The plants and the animals would seem familiar if we were transferred to that age. And there with the other creatures, was unquestionably some sort of a man. The last glacier age closed nearly one hundred thousand years ago; it had continued nearly or quite twice that length of time. Certainly before this period of ice these man-like creatures were pretty well scattered over the globe. The earliest definable race was coincident with the glacier drift; a feeble lot of folk that was obliterated by the growing cold, and by the hardier race that succeeded them. This hardier stock was bred of toil and harsh climate, and the last of them yet remain in Arctic regions as Esquimaux. The changes of climate were extreme. At one period ice lay one thousand feet thick over Great Britain, and over North America, as far south as Mason and Dixon's line; bringing in reindeer, arctic foxes, and musk sheep, with deciduous trees, in the place of elephants, lions, leopards, hippopotami, and palm-trees.

This poor fellow of the Drift had a sorry time of it. In the place of a climate as warm as Africa, extending as far north as Greenland, glacier eras rolled down over all the land, not less than five times. The survival of the hardi- ✅ est, and therefore, under these circumstances, the fittest, evolved from this race their successors.

How long the cave-men roamed predominant over the Northern continents, or continent, for then land united the present continents, it is not possible to determine. But a third race, developed in the southeast, possessed of immense expansive force, began to push northward and westward. They ran over all Europe, bringing for the first