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INDEX

ABBOTT, Dr. C. C., instability of
habits of birds, 76

on American water - thrushes
(Seiurus), 117

Mr., drawings of caterpillars

and their food plants, 203
Accessory plumes, development and
display of, 293

Acclimatisation, 94

Achatinellidæ, Gulick on variations
in, 147

Acquired characters, non-heredity of,

440

Acræidæ, mimicry of, 247
Adaptation to conditions at various
periods of life, 112

Adolias dirtea, sexual diversity of,
271

Ægeriidæ, mimicry by, 240
Agaristidæ, mimicry of, 246
Agassiz, on species, 5

on North American weeds, 15.
Agelæus phoeniceus, diagram showing
variations of, 56; propor-
tionate numbers which vary,
64

Albatross, courtship of great, 287
Allen, Mr. Grant, on forms of leaves,
133

on degradation of wind-fertilised
from insect-fertilised flowers,
325 (note)

on insects and flowers, 332
on production of colour through
the agency of the colour
sense, 334

Mr. J. A., on the variability
of birds, 50

Allen, Mr. J. A., on colour as in-
fluenced by climate, 228

Alluring coloration, 210
American school of evolutionists, 420
Anemone nemorosa, variability of, 78
Animal coloration, a theory of, 288
general laws of, 296

intelligence, supposed action of,
425

characteristics of man, 454
Animals, the struggle among, 18
wild, their enjoyment of life,
39

usually die painless deaths, 38
constitutional variation of, 94
uses of colours of, 134
supposed effects of disuse in
wild, 415

most allied to man, 450
Antelopes, recognition marks of, 219
Anthrocera filipendula inedible, 235
Apples, variations of, 87
Arctic animals, supposed causes of
white colour of, 191

Argyll, Duke of, on goose reared by
a golden eagle, 75

Artemia salina and A. milhausenii,
426

Asclepias curassavica, spread of, 28
Asses running wild in Quito, 28
Attractive fruits, 306

Australia, spread of the Cape-weed
in, 29

fossil and recent mammals of,
392

Azara, on cause of horses and cattle
not running wild in Paraguay,

19

Azores, flora of, supports aerial trans-
mission of seeds, 368

B

BAKER, Mr. J. G., on rarity of spiny
plants in Mauritius, 432

Ball, Mr., on cause of late appearance
of exogens, 400

Barber, Mrs., on variable colouring of
pupa of Papilio nireus, 197

on protective colours of African
sun-birds, 200

Barbs, 91

Barriers, importance of, in questions
of distribution, 341

Bates, Mr. H. W., on varieties of
butterflies, 44

on inedibility of Heliconidæ,
234

on a conspicuous caterpillar,
236

on mimicry, 240, 243, 249
Bathmism or growth-force, Cope on,
421

Beddard, Mr. F. E., variations of
earth-worms, 67

on plumes of bird of paradise,
292

Beech trees, aggressive in Denmark,
21

Beetle and wasp (figs.), 259
Beetle, fossil in coal measures of

Silesia, 404

Beginnings of important organs, 128
Belt, Mr., on leaf-like locust, 203
on birds avoiding Heliconidæ,
234

Belt's frog, 266

Birds, rate of increase of, 25

how destroyed, 26

variation among, 49

variation of markings of, 52
variation of wings and tails of,
53

diagram showing variation of

tarsus and toes, 60

use of structural peculiarities
of, 135

eggs, coloration of, 212
recognition marks of, 222

and butterflies, white in tropical
islands, 230

sometimes seize inedible butter-
flies, 255

mimicry among, 263

Birds, sexual coloration of, 275
cause of dull colour of female,
277

choice of female not known to
be determined by colour, etc.,
285
decorative plumage of, 285
antics of unornamented, 287
which fertilise flowers, 319
colours of, not dependent on the
colours of flowers, 336

no proof of æsthetic tastes in,
336
dispersal of, 355

and insects at sea, 357

of oceanic islands, 358

carrying seeds on their feet,
361

ancestral forms of, 407
Birthplace, probable, of man, 459
Bombyx regia, protective form of
larva of, 210

Boyd Dawkins, on development of
deer's horns, 389

on origin of man, 456
Brady, Mr. George, on protective
colouring of star-fishes, 209
Brain development, progressive, 390
Brains of man and apes, 452
Branner, Mr. J. C., on supposed
proofs of glaciation in Brazil,
370

Brazil, supposed proof of glaciation
in, 370

Brewer, Professor W. H., on want of
symmetry in colours of
animals, 217

Bromelia, animals inhabiting leaves

of, 118

Bronn, Professor, on supposed useless-
ness of variations of ears and
tails, 136

Butler, Mr. A. G., on inedibility of
conspicuous caterpillars, 237

Butterflies, varieties of, 44

small, of Isle of Man, 106
special protective colouring of,
206

recognition by, 226

inedibility of some, 234
mimicry among, 240, 249
colour development of, 274
sexual coloration of, 271

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Carriers, 91

Caterpillars, resemblance of, to their
food plants, 203-205
inedible, 236

Cattle, how they prevent the growth
of trees, 18

increase of, in St. Domingo,
Mexico, and the pampas, 27
Ceylon, spread of Lantana mixta in, 29
Chaffinch, change of habit of, in New
Zealand, 76

Chambers, Robert, on origin of species,
3

Chance rarely determines survival,
123

Change of conditions, utility of, 326
Characters, non-adaptive, 131

transferred from useless to use-
ful class, 132

Charaxes psaphon persecuted by a
bird, 235

Chile, numerous red tubular flowers
in, 320

Chimpanzee, figure of, 454
Clark, Mr. Edwin, on cause of absence

of forests on the pampas, 23
on the struggle for life in the
South American valleys, 24
Cleistogamous flowers, 322
Close interbreeding, supposed evil
results of, 326

Clover, white, spread of, in New
Zealand, 28

Co-adaptation of parts by variation,
no real difficulty, 418
Cobra, use of hood of, 262

Coccinella mimicked by grasshopper,
(figure), 260

Collingwood, Mr., on butterflies re-
cognising their kind, 226

Coloration, alluring, 210
of birds' eggs, 212

a theory of animal, 288

Colour correlated with sterility, 169
correlated with constitutional
peculiarities, 170

in nature, the problem to be
solved, 188

constancy, in animals indicates
utility, 189

and environment, 190
general theories of animal, 193
animal, supposed causes of, 193
obscure, of many tropical ani-
mals, 194

produced by surrounding ob-
jects, 195

adaptations, local, 199
for recognition, 217

of wild animals not quite sym-

metrical, 217 (note)

as influenced by locality or
climate, 228

development in butterflies, 274
more variable than habits, 278
and nerve distribution, 290
and tegumentary appendages,
291

of flowers, 308

change of, in flowers when fertil-
ised, 317

in nature, concluding remarks
on, 299, 333
of fruits, 304

of flowers growing together con-
trasted, 318

Complexity of flowers due to alternate
adaptation to insect and self-
fertilisation, 328

Composite, a, widely dispersed with-
out pappus, 367

Confinement, affecting fertility, 154
Continental and oceanic areas, 346
Continents and oceans cannot have
changed places, 345

possible connections between,
349

Continuity does not prove identity of
origin, 463

Cope, Dr. E. D., on non-adaptive
characters, 131

on fundamental laws of growth,
420

on bathmism or growth-force,
421

on use producing structural
change, 422

on law of centrifugal growth,
422

on origin of the feet of ungu-
lates, 423

on action of animal intelligence,
425
Correlations in pigeons, horses, etc.,
140

Corvus frugilegus, 2

corone, 2

Coursers, figures of secondary quills,
224

Cowslip, two forms of, 157

Crab, sexual diversity of colour of,
269

Cretaceous period, dicotyledons of,

400

Crisp, Dr., on variations of gall
bladder and alimentary canal,
69

Crosses, a cause of variation, 99

reciprocal, 155

Cross-fertilisation, modes of securing,
310

difference in, 155

Crossing and changed conditions,
parallelism of, 166

Cruciferæ, variations of structure in,
80

Cuckoo, eggs of, 216

Cuckoos mimick hawks, 263
Cultivated plants, origin of useful,
97

Curculionidæ mimicked by various
insects (figs.), 260
Curves of variation, 64

D

DANA, Professor, on the permanence
of continents, 342

Danaidæ little attacked by mites, 235
mimicry of, 246

Darwin, change of opinion effected
by, 8

the Newton of Natural History,

9

his view of his own work, 10
on the enemies of plants, 16
on fir-trees destroyed by cattle,
17

on change of plants and animals
caused by planting, 18

on absence of wild cattle in
Paraguay, 19

on cats and red clover, 20

on variety of plants in old turf,
35

on the beneficent action of the
struggle for existence, 40
on variability of wild geraniums,
79

on variability of common species,
80

his non-recognition of extreme
variability of wild species, 82
on races of domestic pigeon,
90

on constitutional variation in
plants, 95

on unconscious selection, 96
on a case of divergence, 105
on advantage of diversification

of structure in inhabitants of
one region, 110

on species of plants in turf, 110
on isolation, 119

on origin of mammary glands,

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Darwin, on correlation of sterility and

colour, 169

on selective association, 172
on infertility and natural selec-
tion, 174

on cause of infertility of hybrids,
185

on white tail of rabbit, 218

on conspicuous caterpillars, 236
on sexual selection in insects,
274

on decorative plumage of male
birds, 285

on development of ocelli, 290
on value of cross-fertilisation, 309
on limits to utility of inter-
crossing, 326

on flowers due to insects, 332
on oceanic islands, 342

on effects of disuse in domestic

animals, 415, 435

on direct action of environment,
419

on unintelligibility of theory of
retardation and acceleration,
421 (note)

on origin of man's moral nature,
461

Mr. George, on intermarriages
of British aristocracy, 326
Darwinian theory, statement of, 10
not opposed to spiritual nature
of man, 478
Dawkins, Professor Boyd, on develop-
ment of deer's horns, 389
on recent origin of man, 456
Dawson, Sir W., on determination of
fossil plants by leaves, 398
(note)
Death of wild animals usually pain-
less, 38

De Candolle, definition of species, 1
on difficulty of naturalising
plants, 15

on war between plants, 16

on origin of useful cultivated
plants, 97

Deer's horns, development of, 389
Degeneration, 121

Delbœuf's law of variation, 141

Dendræca coronata, variation of wing-

feathers of, 51

Denmark, struggle between trees in, 20

Denudation, evidences of, 379
Desert animals, colour of, 192
Deserts, effect of goats and camels in
destroying vegetation in, 17
Development and display of acces
sory plumes, 293

Diadema anomala, 271

misippus, great diversity of sexes
in, 271

Diaphora mendica mimics Spilosoma
menthrasti, 249

Difficulties in the facts of fertilisation
of flowers, 325

Dimorphism and trimorphism, 156
Dippers, probable origin of, 116
Disease and markings, 290

Diseases common to man and animals,
449

Display of decorative plumage, 287
Distribution of organisms should be
explained by theory of de-
scent, 338

conditions which have deter-
mined the, 341
of marsupials, 350
of tapirs, 352

Disuse, effects of, among wild animals,
415

no proof that the effects of, are
inherited, 417

Divergence of character, 105-109

leads to maximum of forms of
life in each area, 109
Diversity of fauna and flora with geo-
graphical proximity, 339
Dixon, Mr. C., changed habits of
chaffinch in New Zealand, 76

Dogs, origin of, 88

varieties of, 89

Dolichonyx oryzivorus, diagram show-

ing variations of, 55

Domestic animals, varieties of, 88

Draba verna, varieties of, 77

Dress of men not determined by
female choice, 286

Dust from Krakatoa, size of particles
of, 363

E

EASTERN butterflies, variation of, 45
Eaton, Rev. A. E., on Kerguelen in-

sects, 106

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