the Time of the Creation of the World. 3. Witz, Stephen and his Defense; a new exegetical attempt. 4. Wellhausen, the Chronology of the Book of Kings, subsequent to the division of the kingdom. 5. Weizsäcker, David Friedrich Strauss and the ecclesiastical proceedings in Würtemberg about him. 6. Wagenmann, St. Anno, a German Imperial Chancellor eight hundred years ago. In the second article Dr. Wetzel states the different theories as to the time of creation, thus: (1) God creates when and where he will, arbitrarily; (2) Time does not exist for God, it begins with the world; (3) Creation is eternal; (4) The plan is eternal, but God determines to effect it at a given time; (5) The creation of the present world is not eternal, but there has been an eternal series of worlds. The author decides for the fourth, with the addition, that the reason why God did not create before was, that he would show that he could do without the world. Some of the above theories run into one another. The whole question is only one form of the general question, of the relation of the infinite to the finite, of the eternal to the temporal-which it is very probable we do not fully understand. The fifth article on Strauss contains all the documents in relation to the censure passed upon him at Tübingen, after the publication of his Life of Jesus. The letters of Strauss are given in full.

Jahrbücher fur Protestantische Theologie. 1875. 4 Parts. 1876. First Part. This quarterly Year-Book of Protestant Theology, edited by the Jena professors, Hase, Lipsius, Pfleiderer, and Schrader, was begun last year, and takes its place worthily by the side of its competitors. It is intended to embrace all departments of theology, and to encourage thorough investigations. One feature of it will be articles devoted to a general sketch of progress in the different departments of theology, Reviews and notices of new books, as a special part, are excluded. The Jena professors are to be aided by competent men from other universities, including Leyden, Strasburg, Vienna, etc. Among the most important articles published in 1875, were, Holtzmann, Theological Investigations of the Present Time, especially on the Philosophy of Religion; Fr. Nitzsch, the Historical Significance of the IlluminationTheology (Aufklärungs-theologie), two parts; O. Pfleiderer, the Question about the Origin and Development of Religion; E. Schrader, Semitism and Babylonism; or, the Origin of Hebraism; R. A. Lipsius, Schleiermacher's Orations on Religion, two, articles; Schrader, the Original Sense of Jahveh Zebaoth, as the Name of God, used especially of "the hosts of Israel; " H. Schultz, The Christology of Origen, in connection with his Theory of the Universe; C. Holsten, the Epistle to the Philippians, two long articles, to be followed by another, contending that this epistle is not Pauline; C. A. Hase, Bernardino Ochino of Siena, a very interesting sketch of this learned. and eloquent General of the Capuchins, who became a Protestant, fled from Italy, and led a wandering life in great trials (a full memoir of him, by Karl Benrath, has been published in Germany since Dr. Hase's article was written); Biedermann, an Address on Strauss and his theological influence, sympathizing with Strauss' earlier, while disapproving his later, position; O. Pfleiderer, on Herder and Kant; H. Holtzmann, a General Review of the latest works of New Testament Criticism, etc. The first part of this Journal for 1876, has a very interesting sketch of the First French Revolution and the Church, by the veteran historian, Dr. C. Hase, of Jena ;. Pastor August Trumpelmann discusses Darwinism; the Monistic Philosophy of Nature, and Christianity-contending against the mechanical explanation of phenomena-distinguishing between Darwin and Darwinism, and saying that though Darwin may recognize God, yet there can be no God in Darwinism, taken strictly as a merely mechanical explanation of the universe. E. Schürer illustrates the conceptions of the

kingdom of heaven from Jewish sources; R. A. Lipsius on Gal. vi: 6-10, says the object of Paul here is to enkindle the feeling of a common faith and common work in opposition to the party feeling prevailing among the Galatians.

Zeitschrift f. wissenschaftliche Theologie. I. 1876. The two most interesting and ablest articles in this number are on the question, discussed in this number of our REVIEW, whether Peter was in Rome. Dr. E. Zeller, now of Berlin, the well-known historian of the Greek Philosophy, argues for the negative (pp. 31-56), while Dr. Hil. genfeld, of Jena, the editor of the Zeitschrift, contends that, though Peter was never bishop of Rome, yet he may have labored there (pp. 56-80). Both agree in doubting the genuineness of the first epistle of Peter, and put it in the second century; both agree that "Babylon" there means Rome; also, that the legends of Simon began to appear there. They also agree that the first epistle of Clement of Rome is a genuine letter addressed to the Corinthian Church. In this epistle Hilgenfeld finds the death of Peter in Rome already recognized; and this is denied by Zeller. The passage is given in the article of our REVIEW aboved named. The other essays in the Zeitschrift are, Holtzmann, the Development of the Æsthetic Conception of Religion (Kant, Jacobi, Fries, De Wette, and others); H. Harnack, Contributions to the History of the Marcionite Churches; W. Grimm, the most recent discussions on the "Consul Licius," named in I Maccabees, xv: 16.

Zeitschrift f. Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, 1875, four parts, making vols. 66 and 67 of the series. This journal, edited chiefly by Ulrici, keeps its place at the head of purely philosophical periodicals. Dr. A. Dorner, the younger, in three articles, examines at length, in an instructive manner, the Principles of the Kantian Ethics, in their relations and developments. Prof. Dr. C. Grapengiesser concludes, in a third article, his discussion of the subject of Transcendental(à priori) Deduction, with reference to the method and speculations of Kant and Fries. Dr. Wolff also concludes a series of learned expositions upon the Platonic Dialectics, the nature of the process and its value in respect to human knowledge. Prof. Dr. Teichmüller, of Dorpat, contributes several inedited letters of Kant and Fichte. Prof. Dr. J. H. Löwe investigates the question of the Simultaneousness of Language and Thought. Dr. Fr. Steffens begins a critical inquiry into Aristotle's Representation of the Views of Greek Philosophers, from Thales to Plato. Prof. Dr. Franz Hoffman under the title, Anti-materialism,criticises the views of Buchner, as presented in his work, Aus Natur und Wissenschaft, a collection of various articles devoted to the exposition of materialism. There are also good reviews of recent philosophical publications-among others of Flint on the Philosophies of History, Bowne on Spencer, and Morris' Translation of Ueberweg's History of Philosophy, which is highly commended. A full philosophical bibliography is given in each volume-embracing the publications of Germany, France, England, Holland, and this country, besides the philosophical articles in all the leading reviews.

The Historisches Taschenbuch, founded by Von Raumer, now edited by W. H. Riel, fifth series, fifth year, 1875, has an unusual number of valuable contributions. Dr. John Huber gives a sketch of the life and influences of Savonarola, in relation to the culture of his times and the revival of letters. H. Tollin brings together many facts bearing upon Tolerance in the Period of the Reformation. K. A. Zittel contributes a concise and useful sketch on the History of Paleontological Investigations. One of the best articles is by Friedrich Nippold on Pope Hadrian WI, his efforts at reform and the causes of their failure-showing how the papacy

was too strong for the Pope. Reinhold Rohricht describes the Pilgrimages to the Holy Land before the time of the Crusades. He begins with the third century and comes down to the eleventh. In an appendix quite a full chronological summary of the most noted pilgrims is given by name, running through seven centuries.

A new journal devoted to Theological Literature in general (Theologische Literaturzeitung), edited by Prof. Dr. Schürer, and published by J. C. Hinrichs, Leipzig, begins with the current year. It appears every fortnight, sixteen to twentyfour pages, 4to, large double columns. It intends to give a critical review of all theological works, not limited to any party or tendency. Each criticism is to bear the writer's name. Besides reviews, each number will contain the current bibliography, an announcement of the contents of all theological periodicals, and of the reviews in other journals. The price, yearly, is sixteen marks, about four dollars. The early number gives good promise for the future. Among the contributors are Bertheau, Harnack, Köhler. Ed. Pfleiderer, Von Oettingen, D. H. Weiss, Weizsäcker, Kamphausen, Gebhardt, Brieger, Brockhaus, Diestel, Fried. and Joh. Delitzsch, etc.

Three well-known treatises of the late Dr. F. C. v. Baur, of Tübingen, have been republished, edited by Dr. Edward Zeller, now of Berlin, viz.: Apollonius of Tyana and Christ, or the Relation of Pythagoreanism to Christianity; the Christian Element in Plato, or, Socrates and Christ; Seneca and Paul, the Relation of Stoicism to Christianity, as seen in the writings of Seneca. They all bear on the question of the relation of Christianity to the ancient philosophy.

The venerable Dr. August D. C. Twesten, the senior professor of the theological faculty in Berlin, died there Jan. 8, 1876. He celebrated the sixtieth jubilee of his academic career in 1874. He was born at Glückstadt, Aug. 11, 1789, became professor at the Kiel University in 1814, and succeeded Schleiermacher at Berlin in 1835. He wrote a useful treatise on logic, but his chief work was his famous "Lectures on the Dogmatics of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church," 2 vols., 1826-1837 (third edition of first vol. in 1834). This contains only the introduction, and the doctrine respecting God, the Trinity, and Angelology. The work was never carried further. The parts on the Trinity and the Angels were translated by Prof. H. B. Smith in the Bibliotheca Sacra, vols. 1, 2, and 3. Dr. Twesten was, in an independent way, a follower of Schleiermacher, but came much nearer the substance of the old orthodoxy. He was an admirable teacher, and enjoyed the honor and love of his numerous pupils. It is to be hoped that his Dogmatics may be completed from his manuscripts, and that other courses of his lectures may be published.

Dr. J. G. Dreydorff, pastor of the Reformed Church in Leipsick, and author of a life of Pascal, 1870, follows that up with a critical essay on Pascal's "Thoughts." To account for the enigmatic character of the work, he supposes that Pascal's various thoughts, here collected, can be harmonized by the theory of a change in his general plan, not indicated by him; that he at first had in mind a logical demonstration as a means of convincing bold unbelievers; finding this insufficient, that he next attempted to show that Christianity alone solves the riddles and contradictions of man's actual condition, and that, in fine, he contented himself with the endeavor to win the indifferent. Perhaps the best way to explain the "Thoughts" is, not that Pascal changed his plan, but that he had these various classes in mind, and wrote for them all; and that he did not digest his various arguments nto any settled order.

The Beweis des Glaubens gives high praise to a work by Dr. H. Scharling, Prof. of Theology in Copenhagen, recently translated from the Danish into the German (2 vols., Gütersloh, 1875), entitled Humanity and Christianity in their Historical Development; or, the Philosophy of History from the Christian Point of View. It says that this is "one of the most important and thorough works in the sphere of Christian apologetics, and one of the most interesting and genial products of Christian scholarship." It gives a critical and comparative view of Christianity in its different epochs, and in its various forms of manifestation-Ancient, Roman Catholic, Greek, Protestant (with a decided preference for Lutheranism). In contrast with the modern anti-Christian speculations, it exhibits the inherent superiority of the Christian system.

The first volume is out of the Universal German Biography, published by a commission of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Munich. It extends to Baldamus. The project is a large one, the names of the contributors extending to over four hundred. The work will undoubtedly be thoroughly done.

L. Lemme edits a special edition of Luther's Three Great Reformation Writings, viz.: his Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and the Freedom of a Christian Man (Gotha: Perthes.)

B. Duhm, Privat-docent in Göttingen, has published The Theology of the Prophets as the Basis of the Internal Development-History of the Israelite Religion. It is a work of reconstruction. He agrees with Kuenen (in his Religion of the Israelites) in the extreme position, that the Levitical laws, in the main, belong to the postexilian period-a wide departure from Ewald, who is altogether too conservative for this new generation, which constructs everything by "the idea."

Prof. Hubner, of Berlin, is publishing a supplement to his Inscriptiones Britannie Latine (vol. VII., of the Berlin Corpus Inscript. Latin.), entitled Inscriptiones Britannic Christiana, with 184 wood engravings, and a map by Kiepert. Several English scholars have aided in this work. The inscriptions range from A.D. 500 to 1,000, and come from Cornwall, Devon, Yorkshire, Northumberland, Scotland. Hosea et Joel, prophetæ, ad Fidem codicis Babylonici Petropolitani, ed. H. Strack. Leipzig: Hinrichs.

A Journal of Church History (Zeitschrift f. Kirchen, geschichte`, to take the place of the Leipsick Journal, recently came to a close, is to be published by Perthes of Gotha, edited by Dr. Th. Brieger, with the special aid of Drs. Gass, Reuter, and Ritschl-all strong names. It will cover the whole ground of scientific historical theology, the history of doctrines as well as the external church history, and consist of essays, critical accounts of new works, analecta, etc.

FRANCE.

A new philosophical review is started at Paris, by Balliere & Co., entitled Revue Philosophique de la France et de l'Etranger. It is a monthly periodical, at the rate of thirty francs a year, 112 pages a number. The editor is M. Th. Ribot, whose work on Heredity has been translated. This review is "for all the schools. It proposes to give a complete and exact picture of current philosophical movements, excluding no school. . . . It is not so certain that the different schools know one another sufficiently, and perhaps reciprocal contact might result in dissipating many misunderstandings, at any rate, one can then judge with full knowledge of the grounds." "Lively as are the quarrels of the schools, the rea sons which separate them are less numerous than those which unite them, since

they are all at work on the same problems, speak the same language, and address themselves to the same sort of minds." Pure Positivism, the experimental school of France, England, and Germany, the Criticism of Kant, and the French Spiritualism, as inspired especially by Maine de Biran, will find here a free field. Psychology, ethics, theories on the philosophy of nature, even metaphysics (so far as it rests on facts), and new studies in the history of philosophy, are admitted. This is the general programme of the Revue, and in the parts for January and February it is well carried out. H. Taine opens with an interesting essay on the Acquisition of Languages by Children and by the Human Race, making liberal use of Max Müller's Science of Language. The next essay is by Paul Janet, of the Institute, on Final Causes, consisting of two chapters from his forthcoming work on that subject-one, a statement of the problem; the other, on the abuse of the doctrine of Final Causes. In this number of our REVIEW there is a translation of an article by Janet on the subject, which gives a full view of his theory. His discussion is able and philosophical, and in the present state of the controversy his views will attract and reward close attention. The third article is a translation of Herbert Spencer's lecture before the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain on the Comparative Psychology of Man. He first treats of the degree of mental evolution in the different types of the race, then compares the sexes, and lastly, speaks of the special intellectual characteristics of the different types of the race. In the February number there are four articles. W. Wundt, Mission of Philosophy at the Present Time. Ch. Bénard (translator of Hegel's Esthetics) on Contemporary German Esthetics, reviews the work of the different German æsthetic schools, the Hegelian idealists, the Herbert realists, the Positivist (Kirchman), the popular æsthetics of Thiersch, Ritter, and Carrière, and the historians of æsthetics, Ed. Müller, Lotze Zimmermann, and Schasler. It is a valuable summary by a competent critic. G. H. Lewes on the Hypothesis of a Specific Energy of the Nerves. P. Tannery, Nuptial Number in Plato, a learned discussion of the locus mathematicus in the eighth book of Plato's Republic, which is one of the most puzzling questions in ancient philosophy. The Revue contains full notices of several new philosophical works, German, French, and English. It promises essays on Berkeley, Bacon, Spencer, Herbert, Lotze, Jevons' Logic, the Swedish Philosophy, etc.

The Celtic scholar, M. Adolphe Pictet, recently deceased, formerly an officer in the Swiss artillery, was one of the first to bring out the connections between the Celts and the Aryans, by a comparison of languages in his work Les Origines Indo-Européennes.

A new historical review (Revue Historique), edited by G. Monod and G. Fagnez, has been began in Paris. The first number contains Monod on the Progress of Historical Studies in France in the sixteenth century; V. Duruy on Municipal Government in the Roman Empire in the first two centuries of our era; C. Thurot, Critical Studies on the Historians of the First Crusade; A. Castan, Gravelle and the Little Emperor of Besançon, 1518–1538; A. Chézuel, Saint-Simon and Dubois.

M. Fustel de Coulanges, author of the Ancient City, is publishing the second volume of his History of French Institutions; he is also lecturing at the Sorbonne on the History of Roman Institutions. M. Coulanges follows Sir Henry Maine in tracing back European institutions, feudalism, etc., to a common Indo-European social instinct. M. Perrens, the author of Savonarola and Etienne Marcel, is bringing out a History of Florence, in six volumes, of which two are published. M.,