of our people believe that the welfare of the Indians requires them to leave the land in which they were born and the graves of their fathers, and go and reside in a country which is to them insalubrious and unpleasant. But he does not believe it, and refuses to go. Our right to enforce our opinion is no better against the Indian than against the negro.

Art. III.-OUR INDIAN POLICY FURTHER
CONSIDERED.

By General R. H. MILROY, late Superintendent of Indian Affairs for
Washington Territory.

Man in a state of nature is both gregarious and communistic, and hence is little disposed voluntarily to separate himself from his tribe or nation. This peculiarity unites the individual members of every barbarian or savage tribe, and constitutes the greatest obstacle to civilization. Just in proportion as any savage tribe advances in civilization, the gregarious and communistic bonds of that tribe are weakened and supplanted by a disposition among the individual members thereof to own and accumulate separate property and separate homes; which disposes individuals and families to migrate to those localities promising the greatest improvement in their circumstances. Hence, the word want expresses and leads to the entire difference between the savage and the civilized man. The savage being but a little above the animal, has comparatively few intellectual or moral wants, and these are satisfied with but little physical and mental exertion. Hence, the greater portion of his time is passed in unproductive indolence. But the civilized man, besides a great number of animal wants, has many intellectual and moral wants. Hence he is driven to the greatest physical and mental exertions to satisfy them. This leads him to the development of commerce and the various mechanical arts and sciences. In fact, want is the great motive power of progress and civilization. Take away wants from mankind, except those held in common with animals,

and all the present partially civilized portion of the human race would speedily drop back into pure barbarism. Then, clearly, the true and only means to start the savage on the road to permanent civilization is to multiply and stimulate his better wants till they arouse and drive him from his native lethargy and inactivity to the ceaseless industry of civilization. Clearly the highest duty of our government toward all the Indians within her borders, is to civilize them to such an extent that they may be safely made citizens, and melted into the body politic of the nation. How can this be done most speedily and effectively? is, or should be, the all-important question in our Indian policy. As before shown, this can only be accomplished by stimulating and multiplying their individual proper wants. The first step toward this end is to wean the Indians from their wild nomadic lives by giving to each family a fixed and separate home, with a good title to the land on which each home is situated, and by assisting and encouraging each family to fit up, adorn, and surround such home with the appliances of civilized life. But with adult and old Indians this is a difficult matter, and can only be accomplished to a limited extent, for the reason, that with all grown-up Indians idleness, inactivity, and the scanty gratification of a few animal wants, have become so fixed by life-long habit as to be second nature, and can be very little changed by any system of culture. But with Indian children this is wholly different. Their habits are yet unfixed. Industry and a civilized way of life are habits acquired between infancy and matured manhood. These facts place it in the power of the government to civilize and make citizens of every Indian tribe within its borders in one generation, by taking charge of all Indian children over five years old, educating and training them up to industrious habits, and imparting to them a knowledge of Christianity and of the various avocations of civilized life. The principle of compulsory education, so vital to the principle and prosperity of free government, should be at once adopted and strenuously enforced by the government of the United States toward the children of her Indian wards. All Indian children over five years old should be taken away from under the authority and influence of their savage parents (from whom they absorb only poisonous bararism) and placed wholly under the control of white male and

female teachers possessing the proper qualifications as to capacity, industry, firmness, kindness, pure morality, zealous missionary spirit, etc., who would train up these children to habits of industry, Christianity, cleanliness, economy, a knowledge of the English language and elementary branches of educationgiving to the males in addition a practical knowledge of and training in agriculture and the common and necessary mechanical arts; and to the females a thorough knowledge of and training in the duties of housekeeping, sewing, making and mending garments, etc. Of course, Indian children thus brought up and cultured, upon arriving at adult age, would be well qualified to assume and discharge the duties of fully enfranchised citizens. Every Indian tribe could thus be safely melted into the body politic, and, with the Indian Bureau of our government, cease to exist, except in history and the records of the past. This, in my opinion, should be the only object and aim of our government in her Indian policy. She has the right, power, and ability to do this, and from personal observation and intercourse with Indians for many years, I feel very certain that it can be fully accomplished in one generation, if taken hold of by the government with that energy and determination which its importance demands.

But, unfortunately for the Indian race, our government has, since her first dealings with the tribes within her borders, pursued a policy diametrically opposite to this, and the results have been uniformly disastrous to the Indians, expensive to the government, and injurious to her citizens.

The Indians of America, at its discovery, were found in savage, nomadic, warring tribes, without any idea of individual property in the soil. Our government, since its organization, has recognized and encouraged the continuance of this ancient condition of Indian affairs, by making treaties with the tribes, and, to a great extent, recognizing the sovereignty and independence of each within the boundaries of its country or reservation-an imperium in imperio; thus creating many little sovereignties within a sovereignty. The moral and, to a great extent, intellectual structure of every human being is absorbed and formed from his or her surroundings during the formative period of life between infancy and mature age. The Indian policy of our government has been, and still is, to keep every

Indian, from birth until death, surrounded by barbarian Indians. They are herded upon the reservations, without any individual property in the soil, like cattle and sheep in fenced pastures; thus insuring the transmission of the savage ideas and superstitions of the parents to their children from generation to generation.

Though Indians are all native inhabitants of the country, they are regarded and treated by the government as "domestic aliens." We have naturalization laws by which immigrants from any foreign nation may become naturalized citizens of our government; but there is no law by which an Indian can dissolve his tribal relations and become a citizen of the United States, whatever may be his progress in civilization. Thus he is cut off from one of the greatest inducements to progress.

Every Indian reservation within the boundaries of our government is now (I believe) within the limits of an organized county, yet the jurisdiction of law is not extended over Indian reservations. Hence, violence and crime may be committed by Indians against each other, within the limits of a reservation, with legal impunity.

No marriage relation among Indians is legally binding. Divorce or separation of man and wife is optional. Polygamy is not prohibited among them, and hence is no legal offense. Schools are maintained by the government a large portion of each year on many of the reservations; but from the fact, that the Indian school children are allowed to visit their savage parents frequently, and to reside with them a portion of each year, when the schools are not in session, they natnrally acquire from their parents superstitions and habits of barbarism to such an extent as to neutralize and counteract largely the training and civilization acquired from their teachers. Furthermore, being allowed to return and permanently reside with their parents and friends after quitting school, they sink down into their savage habits, and whatever education they may have received seems, as a general rule, only to make them more receptive of the vices of the white man, and a curse rather than a blessing to their people.

The grosser vices of the white race are learned by the uncivilized and unchristianized Indians, when they are brought into contact therewith, as naturally and as certainly as miasm

is taken into the human body when brought in contact with it. Thus almost every Indian reservation, under the present inefficient and erroneous policy of our government, is like a great sponge for the absorption of the grosser vices of our imperfect civilization, which have already destroyed two-thirds of the Indian race, and are rapidly exterminating the remainder. Our Indian policy is, therefore, really a policy of extermination, and if not speedily changed for something better, the whole Indian race of our country will become extinct within the next half century.

Art. IV. ORGANIZATION THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE.

By J. H. McILVAINE, D.D., Newark, N. J.

There is not a little prejudice in the minds of many sensible and well-informed people against what is called sociology-that is, the science of human society. This prejudice is due to a variety of causes, of which one is, that this whole department of knowledge has commonly been identified with political economy, though, in fact, this latter is properly only one of, at least, six co-ordinate branches of social science. The influence of this cause has been all the greater from the fact, that the methods and conclusions of political economy, in the hands of its different authors, have hitherto proved anything but harmonious or satisfactory. Besides this, the social forces are so numerous and so complicated with each other, that a complete analysis of them seems to be impossible. But probably the most influential of all these causes is, that the subject has had a peculiar attraction for, and has been most copiously treated by infidel authors, such as Comte, Buckle, John Stuart Mill, and Herbert Spencer, In this article, therefore, we shall endeavor to remove this prejudice, by showing that the science is a possible one, and that it has as strong claims as any other upon the thinkers of our time, inasmuch as it involves a vast