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will be found of singular utility. The fre- few deflections of the needle obtain all the quenters of the Cyrstal Palace will recollect information that is required." All this inthat the weather at the leading ports and formation used to be obtained by pilot-encities of England was daily exhibited to gines, but Mr. Walker informs us that the them, a kind of information of great value expense of maintaining and working a single to shipowners, and to the Royal and mer-pilot-engine, was greater than what is rechant navy. When the telegraph announces quired for maintaining the entire staff of a storm upon our shores, the sea-faring tra- telegraphic clerks, and the mechanics and veller may remain at home with his friends till it has expended its fury.

labourers employed in cleaning and repairing the instrument, and keeping up the But the telegraph may do more than this. wires of the line. With regard to the safety When these violent convulsions of the at- of the passengers, we cannot resist repeatmosphere, in the form of tornadoes and ing, in the words of Elihu Burrit, the followhurricanes, advance along a line of coast, as ing story: "During a storm and violent they do in America, they move much less gale, the long railway bridge across the Conslowly than the electric message, and there- necticut was lifted up by the wind and fore preparation may be made for resisting thrown into the river beneath, 200 yards in them when we cannot disarm their fury. breadth, which an unusual flood of rain had Ships about to sail, trains about to start, swelled to a dreadful height. The line is travellers about to drive, to ride, or to walk, here crossed by a bridge fifty feet above the may all receive a salutary warning to re- river. The passengers in the train are conmain till the destructive agent has passed. gratulating themselves on their comfortable If we ever shall be able to predict the phe- position, thinking of the blessed homes and nomena of the weather, as we do those of the firesides which they soon expected to the heavens, the simultaneous state of the atmosphere, over extensive regions of the globe, must be previously observed and generalized.

reach. On flew the train, the engine blowing off its head of steam, breasting its way nobly against the gale, which almost threatened to check its progress, the hot iron hissing furiously in the falling rain. No one knew that the bridge was gone. For two years, by day and night, the trains had passed and repassed, and obliterated the thought of even the possibility of danger; but no bridge was there to receive them; and the long train, with its precious freight, rushed on towards the precipice of destruction. It was not customary to stop at this place excepting to check the speed for the landing of passengers; but the people there 1468 Messages. had learned through the instrumentality of

In conducting the business of Railways, especially in the central region of England, where they are almost jostling each other, the telegraph is indispensable, both for the efficiency of the system, and the security of the passengers. This cannot be better shewn than by the following table, given by Mr. Walker, which shews the number of messages sent along the South-Eastern Company's Railway in three months.

1. Concerning ordinary trains,
2. Concerning Special trains,
3. Concerning Carriages, trucks,
goods, sheds, &c.,

429

795

4. Concerning Company's servants,

607

5. Concerning Engines,

150

6. Concerning Miscellaneous matters,

162

7. Concerning Messages forwarded to other stations,

499

Total, 4110

the telegraph, the loss of the bridge, and
kept a sharp look-out for the approaching
train. It came the word is given, and they
are safe. Every heart leapt from its place,
and the head swam giddily with fear, as the
thought came of that fearful leap in the
dark; and long will the passengers remem-
ber that dreadful road, and the friendly yet
fearful "THE BRIDGE IS GONE."
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Had not our space been exhausted, we should have drawn the attention of our readers to the great advantages which must accrue to individuals as well as to society at large from the introduction of telegraphic communication, and should have attempted to indicate some of those great social ameliorations which are yet to be derived from the reduction of its tariffs, and the universal applica tion for its aid. We look forward with faith * See the Guide to the Electric Telegraph, p. 39, by Charles Maybury Archer; and his Anecdotes of

or about 16,400 in a year, or about fifty per
day! "If," says Mr. Walker, "the trains
are late, the cause is known; if they are in
distress, help is soon at hand; if they are
heavy, and progress but slowly, they ask
and receive more locomotive power, either
sent to them or prepared at their arrival;
if there is anything unusual in the line they
are forewarned of it, and so forearmed; if
overdue, the old plan of sending an engine
to look after them has become obsolete, a the Electric Telegraph.

to a time not very distant, when every village which he is the organ, but no apology can in the empire shall express its wants and be offered for the heads of successive adreceive its intelligence in telegraphic des- ministrations-the dispensers of cheap repatches, and when dumb and intellectual wards of laurels which they gather for life shall no longer sink under burdens which their underlings, and plait for themselves. can be borne by so many pounds of coal and so many buckets of water.

That the services of Mr. Cooke and Mr. Ricardo, to whom England unquestionably owes the introduction of the Electric Telegraph, and all its blessings, should never have been recognized by any mark of public gratitude, or Royal favour, is one of the facts in the history of England which may speedily excite a more general sympathy.

Omitting, therefore, all that the telegraph has done for the interests of trade, commerce, humanity, and justice, and all that it might be expected to do even for other interests, we shall content ourselves with noticing the advantages which have accrued to the State from the general extension of the telegraphic system. Kings were once said to have long hands, but now they have long tongues and loud voices. Their will can, in a few minutes, reach the extremities of the empire, and all the powers of administrative government can be instantaneously summoned into action to revive patriotism or to repress crime. The approach of a hostile fleet would now be rung in the ears of the Ad- teaches the gigantic shell to discharge its miralty before the hulls of the ships had surmounted the convexity of the globe; and the Horse Guards would be roused at midnight before an invading army could quit the beach on which it had disembarked.

The telegraph of planks and spars which formerly puzzled the provincial visitor of the Metropolis, and which had gloriously announced the achievements of the Peninsular war, was erected and maintained at the expense of the nation; but not a single wire of the million which, like a web of gossamer, cover the map of England, has been erected either with its funds or under its patronage. When the Messrs. Bretts Brothers, the original projectors of our Submarine Telegraphs, offered for £20,000 to lay down their wires across the Irish Channel, and to give the free use of them to the State, this boon to Ireland and blessing to England, was peremptorily refused by the Government.

The nation now sees, and, we fear, will see more of the false consequences of this utter discouragement of theoretical and practical science. The horrors of the Crimean war-the tears of the noblest and gentlest of our families the blood of the bravest of the brave, all cry out for wisdom in our councils, and for science in our fleets and in our camps. It is science which

fatal contents, which speeds the rocket on its incendiary errand, and which guides the rifle ball to the seat of life. It is science which constructs and impels our floating bulwarks, which places its lanterns beside the Scyllas and Charybdises of the deep,and which teaches us to predict and evade the hurricane and the storm. Law, Divinity, and Medicine, professions justly rewarded and honoured by the State, can neither equip armies nor reduce strongholds, nor supply the soldier with the instruments and materials of his art. It is the science of matter and of motion alone, which can create and perfect all the appliances of of fensive and defensive war. It is in this department of science that our Enemy, and our Ally, have so signally and so painfully surpassed us; and if England shall ever be compelled again to send her brave legions to a distant battle-field, or even to secure her Island hearths against foreign invasion, she must enlist in her service, and dignify with her honours, the theoretical and practical science of the philosopher and the engineer.*

Baffled in this purely British undertaking, these enterprising engineers addressed their next scheme of crossing the English Channel to the French and Belgian Governments. An exclusive privilege was instantly conceded, and the British Government concurred, on the condition of giving nothing, but of taking the use of the submarine cable. The idiosyncrasy of a Chancellor of the Exchequer, whose feelings and intelligence is tied Art. It is at once popular and scientific, and such up in his money-bags, may be some excuse as might be expected from a philosopher of his high for the meanness of the Government of attainments and extensive information.

*We must again recommend to the reader Dr. Lardner's admirable account of the Electric Telegraph, which occupies a large portion of the third and fourth volumes of his Museum of Science and of

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Bain, Alexander, inventor of electro-chemical tele-
graph, 296, 307, 309.

Beckwith, General, his benefactions to the Walden-
sians, 210.

Bell, Robert, his annotated edition of the poets, 123.
Berkeley's "Minute Philosopher" quoted on the
question of a Knowledge of the Infinite, 64.
Bert, Amedeo, notice of his work on the Vaudois,
203.

Baird, Dr., his researches on Hypnotism, 109.
Brown, Bishop, maintains the doctrine that God is
absolutely incognizable, 65.

Byzantine Empire, History of, by George Finlay,
183; prevalent neglect of Byzantine history, 184;
causes of this discreditable neglect, 185; conser-
vativo position of the empire, ib.; the history of
Constantinople the record of a despotic power,
187; its witness to the unity of history, 187, 188;
works on the subject since the time of Gibbon,
188; Dr. Cooke Taylor, ib.; Sir James Emerson
Tennent, 189; Mr. Finlay's merits as a historian,
189, 190; three periods of the history, Eastern
Roman, Byzantine, and Greek, 191; absence of
nationality in the Eastern Roman empire, 193;
new Grecian nationality, 194; proper limit be-
tween the Roman and Byzantine empire, 195;
distinctive features of the Byzantine period, 196;
Russian and Bulgarian aggressions, 197; incur-
sions of the Seljonk Turks, 198; and of the Otto-
mans, 199; vitality of the Roman empire in the
East, 200; the Byzantine Empire a continuation
of the old Roman power, 200, 201.

C

Calderwood, Henry, his Work on the Philosophy of
the Infinite reviewed. See Insoluble Problem.
Canada, state of, under the government of Lord
Metcalfe, 90.

Celibacy, extent of, as shewn by Census, 219.
Census, curiosities of, 214; sagacity, caution, and
integrity required in dealing with figures, 214,
215; increase in the effective and energetic class-

es, 217; increased comforts, ib.; progress in
education, occupations of the people, 217, 218;
numbers and relations of the sexes, 218; extent
of celibacy and its probable causes, 219; progress
in the arts of locomotion and transmission of in-
telligence, 219, 220.

Chaucer, his place and function in the history of
English verse, 200.

Chrzanowski, (Shanowski,) General, his estimate of
the European armies, 175.

Continent, the, in 1854, 155; political parties in the
educated society of Paris, ib.; Orleanist-Fusion-
ists, Legitimists, 156; Legitimist-Fusionists, ib.;
Republicans, 157; Parliamentarians, 158; Despair-
ers, ib.; classification as to religious profession,
159; division of parties in their opinions of the
war, 160; effect of the war upon Louis Napolo-
on's fortunes, 161; effects of the want of an aris-
tocracy in France upon her political condition,
162; and military power, ib.; perfect structure of
a French army, 163; political state of the pro-
vinces in France, 164; state of Germany, feelings
of Hungary towards Austria, 165, 166; feelings
of Prussia in regard to the war, 166; political
state of Austria, House of Hapsburg, 167, 168;
relations between Austria and Hungary, 168-171;
Charles-Albert and the invasion of Lombardy, 171;
effects of equality, 172; political gain and loss in
the Venetian territories, 172, 173; plans for Italy,
174;
Continental armies, Austrians, Turks, 175,
coherence of Russia, possibility of breaking
it up, 176, 177; reconstruction of Poland, 177;
state of the French army, length of time required
to make a soldier, 178, 179; Greeks and Cauca-
sians, 179, 180; Louis Napoleon's foreign policy,
181; his defects as an administrator, 181, 182;
probable results of the war, 182, 183.

176;

Cooke, W. F., introduces the Electric Telegraph into
England, 303; his controversy with Professor
Wheatstone, 304.

Cousin, M., on the Philosophy of the Infinite, 62, et

seq.

Cowper, William, Life and Poetry of, 120; are poet-
ry and steam relished by the same age? ib.; is
an age prosaic in which so much poetry is written
and so much read? 121; collected editions of the
British poets, 122; Mr. Robert Bell's annotated
edition, 123; controverted question of Cowper's
malady, 126; his mother's death, 127; discipline
at Dr. Pitman's school, with its effects, 127, 128;
training at Westminster, 128; effect of dissipation
on his irritable constitution, 129; anticipated trial
of fitness before the House of Lords, its effects,
129, 130; damaging effect of the air of Olney,
131; his connexion with John Newton, ib.; his
labours as a "lay curate," ib.; Lady Hesketh

comes to his rescue, 132, 133; removes to Wes-
ton, 133; progress of his malady and death, 134;
character of his poetry, 135, 136.

Cromwell the Protector's efforts for the deliverance
of the Vaudois, 201.

D

to Calais, Holyhead to Howth, 311; uses in me-
teorology and in railway business, 312, 313.
Electricity, human, 107.
Electro-biology, theory of, 110.

Ellis, John, great merit of his researches into the
nature of corals, 4, 5.

F

Faber, George Stanley, notice of his History of the
Vallenses, 205.

Finlay, George, see Byzantine Empire.
France, state of parties in 1854, 155, see Continent,
the, in 1854.
G

German inroads on Oxford, 224, 240.
Germany, state of in 1854, 165.

Dick Bequest, account of, 34.
Diet and Dress, 268; important place they occupy
in human thought, ib.; curious origin of certain
dishes and combinations, 269; origin of bottled
beer, 270; component parts of breakfast, fish,
270, 271; tea denounced in House of Commons,
271; breakfast parties as compared with all other
parties, 271, 272; luncheon, materials for dinner,
273; advantages of taking wine with another,
274; fish, white-bait dinners, 274, 275; John
Bull's addiction to beef-eating, 276; poultry and
pastry, 277; digestive cheese, ib.; after-dinner
speech-making, 279; strange banquets, 279, 280;
habits and men, the "" easy swell," 280; con-
nexion between buttons and honesty, 281; the
tail-coat and the round hat, 281, 282; movement
against hats, 282; the beard and moustache, 283;
duty of attention to dress in women, ib.; head-
coverings on the back of the neck, 286; Bloomer-Hamilton, Sir William, his doctrine that the Infinite
ism, draggling robes, 286, 287; the feet and grace-
ful movement, 288; dress should befit the age
and condition of the wearer, 289.

Dissenters, admission of, into Oxford University,
223, 227, 237.

Doran, Dr., notice of his "Table Traits" and "Habits
and Men," 268.

Dreams, theory of, 100.
Drunkenness, how to stop, 243; its fearful conse-
quences, 244; remedies, early closing, 245; Sun-
day closing, 247; no wages to be paid in public-
houses, 248; the licensing system, 249; licensing
of coffee-houses, 250; the Maine Law, 251; auxi-
liary remedies, taste for reading, 252, 253; amuse-
ments, 254; concerts, excursions, parks, 255;
museums, 256; teetotalism, 257.

E

Education in Scotland, 30; Sir J. K. Shuttleworth's
testimony as to its deficiency, 31; nature of the
training required for the Scottish character, 33;
account of the Dick Bequest, 34; difficulties aris-
ing from religious differences, 36; all good educa-
tion must be religious, ib.; is the parent or the
schoolmaster to be the religious educator? 37;
effect of Arnold's preaching on his boy-hearers,
ib., note; Mr. Stow's training system, 38; reli-
gious character of masters, 39; pluralities, 40;
retiring provisions, 41; normal training-schools,
42; necessity for private exertions without wait-
ing for Government, 44; danger of delay, ib.
Electric telegraph, account of, 289; its history, 290;
invented by C. M. of Renfrew in 1753, 291; in-
ventions of Lesage, Lamond, Betancourt, and
Ronalds, 292; voltaic electricity, applied by
Sommering, 293; discoveries of Oersted, Am-
pere, Arago, Faraday, and Sturgeon, 293, 294;
velocity, power required, position of wires, 295;
M. Siemens' and Dr. O'Shaughnessy's experi-
ments, 295, 296; Mr. Bain's electro-chemical tele-
graph, 296; Bakewell's autographic and Brett's
printing telegraph, 298; needle and dial tele-
graphs, 300; Professor Morse the inventor of na-
tional telegraphs, 301; M. Steinhill's Bavarian
telegraph, 302; English telegraphs, 303; contro-
versy between W. F Cooke and Professor Wheat-
stone, 304; Electric Telegraph Company, 307;
time-balls, submarine telegraphs, 310, 311; Dover

203.

Gibbon, his character as a historian, 185.
Gilly, Dr., his efforts in behalf of the Waldenses,
Gladstone, M., mutilates the Oxford Reform Bill,
Gosse's works characterized, 1; quoted, 10, 22, 24, 29.

228.

H

cannot be known, controverted, 63, et seq.; on
Oxford Reform, 222, 227.

Halliwell, James Orchard, notice of his "Reliquiæ
Antiquæ," 258.

Harvey, Professor, notice of his "Sea-side Book,"
1, 14.

Hastings, Lord, his career in India, 83.
Heywood, Mr., his efforts for admission of Dissenters
into Oxford, 223, 237.

Holland, Sir Henry, on mental Physiology, electro-
biology, etc., 95; slow progress of mental science,
96; great value of Sir H. Holland's researches, 97;
influence of mental attention on bodily organs, 98;
sleep a succession of states, theory of dreams, 100;
dreams in the day, the brain a double organ, 101;
double consciousness, direct and reverse impression,
101, 102; phenomena exhibited in various states
of the mind, 102; general observations necessarily
suggested by these facts, 105; conclusion to
which we are led by these facts, the pictures of
memory painted on the retina, 106; human elec
tricity, 107; mesmerism or animal magnetism,
108; hypnotism and electro-biology, discoveries
of Dr. Braid, 109; how the facts are to be ex-
plained, 110; phrenology and phreno-mesmerism,
112; trance or human hybernation, Colonel
Townshend's progress of dying, ib.; magneto-
scope, odometer, and divining-rod, 113; table-
turning and table-talking, 115; spirit-rapping and
spirit-writing, 116; apparitions, second-sight, and
presentiment, 117; coincidences, 118; epidemic
manias, ib.; necessity for improved education,
Horsman, Edward, speech of, on Oxford Reform,
Hungary, treatment of by Austria, 168.
224, 233.
Hypnotism and Electro-biology, 109.

119.

I

India, government of, from 1801 to 1837. See
Kaye's Life of Lord Metcalfe.
Infinite, Philosophy of. See Insoluble Problem.
Insoluble Problem, The, 60; metaphysics and theo-
logy in Scotland, 61; Philosophy of the Infinite,
statement of the question, 62; opposite conclu-
sions of M. Cousin and Sir Wm. Hamilton, 62, 63;
remarks on the question by Mr. Morell, 63; con-
clusions sought to be established by Mr. Calder-

wood, ib.; views of Cudworth, 63, 64, note; |
Berkeley and Bishop Brown, 64; the two impass-
able roads out of the darkness, 66; the regions
in which light may be found, 67; how Time illus-
trates the insoluble problem, ib.; metaphysical
character of Time, 69; is there divinity in time
and space? 70; the phenomena of Causation, ib.;
causation and creation, 71; how they illustrate
the problem, 72; Deity in causation, 73; naturo
and limits of theological knowledge, 74; a science
of theology impossible, 76; how theology becomes
inductive and practical, 76, 77.
Italy, religion in. See Vaudois.

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Kaye's (John William) Life of Lord Metcalfe, 77;
merit of the work, ib.; early life and arrival in
India, 78; state of Hindostan at the time, 79;
character of Lord Wellesley, ib.; Metcalfe's serv-
ice under him, 80; assistantship at Delhi, 81;
important and successful mission to Lahore, 82;
Residency at Delhi, 82, 83; his matured opinions
on questions of our Indian policy, 84; residency
at Hyderabad, 84, 85; appointed a member of the
Supreme Council, nature of that office, 85, 86; his
opinions on the vexed questions of our Indian ad-
ministration, 86, 87; Provisional Governor-
general, liberator of the Indian press, 88; returns
to England, 89; appointed Governor of Jamaica,
ib.; his government of Canada, 90, 91; reflections
suggested by the career of Lord Metcalfe, neces-
sity of a civil service, 92, 93; official skill requires
training, 93, 94; Metcalfe's character, 94, 95.
Krasinski, Count, his view of the consequences to
Russia of defeat in the present war, 146; his
opinion of the importance of restoring the Polish
nationality, 150.

L

Landsborough, Dr., his Works on Natural History
noticed, 2.

Lardner, Dionysius, notice of his Museum of Science
and Art, 289.

Latin Christianity. See Milman.

Lombardy, invasion of, in 1848, 171.

M

virtues, deification of the saints, 54; Latin Christi-
anity in its enterprise of conquest, 56; Augus-
tine's mission to Britain contrasted with the Irish
missions of the same period, 56, 57; Germano-
Latin Christianity, 58; criticism of Dr. Milman's
works, 59.

Minto, Lord, his administration of India, 81.
Montague, Colonel George, his merits as a natural-
ist, 5.

Morland, Sir Samuel, his embassy to the Vaudois,
and Report, 201.

Morse, Professor, invents National Telegraphs, 301.

N

Napoleon, Louis, effects of the war on his fortunes,
161; character of, as a Sovereign, 180.
Natural History, progress of, during two genera-
tions, 2, 3; importance of, in an educational
view, 7.

Naturalist, qualities physical and moral required
in, 5.

0

Oxford Reform Bill, 220; the intervention of Parlia-
ment an important fact, 221; grievances, the re-
moval of which was demanded, 221, 222; Report
of the Royal Commission, 222; Oxford degenerat-
ing into a mere public school, 223; inroad of Ger-
man influence and literature, 224; the evil lies in
the excess of Tutorism, and the remedy in the
extension of the Professoriate, 225; recommenda-
tions of the Royal Commissioners, 226; ground
taken by the advocates for the University, 227;
deficiencies in the reform due to Mr. Gladstone,
228; the Ministerial Bill, 229; cry of violence to
the wills of the founders, 230; Roman Catholic
Foundations lapsed to the State, ib.; the State
the paramount trustee of every public trust, 232;
progress of the Bill, Mr. Horsman's speech, 233,
234; proper basis for the independence of profes-
sors, 235; mischievous veto conferred by the Col-
leges, 236; admission of Dissenters, 237; the
future of Oxford, 238; opinions of the Fathers
amenable to investigation, 241.

P

Panslavonic Empire, prospects of, in Europe, 151.
Peach, Mr. Charles, the naturalist, account of, 15.
Phrenology and Phreno-mesmerism, 112.
Poland, reconstruction of, 149, 177.
Professoriate at Oxford, 222, et seq.

Prussia, feeling of parties in, in regard to the war,
166.

Manin, Signor, his opinions on the state of the Con- Pusey, Dr., opposes Oxford Reform, 227,
tinent, 171, et seq.

Memory, theory of, 106.

Menzies, Professor, review of his report on the work-
ing of the Dick Bequest, 30.
Mesmerism, or animal magnetism, 108; Baron
Reichenbach's theories, 109.

Metcalfe, (Charles Lord,) Life and Correspondence
of. See Kaye.

Milman's History of Latin Christianity, 45; difficulty
of the subject and defects in the author's plan, 45,
46; the first ages or birth epoch, 46; Rome of
Justin Martyr, ib.; Rome in the days of Cyprian's
correspondence, 47; birthplace of Latin Christi-
anity, ib.; preponderance of the Greek element,
48; Roman Christianity becomes Latin, 49; the
Old Latin religion and the New, 49, 50; causes
of the rise of the Papacy, 50; contrast between
Greek and Roman administration of a See, 52;
Zosimus and Leo the Great, ib.; moral and reli-
gious life of the Latin Christians, 53; extreme

R

239.

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