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Edward

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89; the

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country

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esirability

mpany by

an immediate payment in cash, 97; our imperial
policy, 98; Canada as a field for emigration, ib.;
route to the East through the Dominion of Cana-
da, 99; importance of having this controversy
with the Hudson's Bay Company finally settled,
ib.; probable issue of its settlement, ib.

lums in England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland,
ib.; nature and causes of the increase, ib.; the
numbers admitted into asylums during the last
ten years, 65, 66; discharges and admissions une-
qual 66, 67; private and pauper lunatics, ib.; dif-
ferent classes of the discharged, 67, 68; the cura-
ble and incurable, 68; the question as to the
possibility of providing for some of the insane
poor otherwise than in asylums, with probable ben-
efit, 69, 70; the Report of the Scotch Commis-
sioners on this question, 70; desirability of pro-
viding for this class less pretentious buildings, 71;
the additions in constant demand in County and
District Asylums, 71, 72; remedies proposed: (1.)
transference to buildings intermediate in character
between work-houses and asylums, 73, 74; (2.)
transference to the workhouse, 74; condition of
the insane in workhouses, ib.-in England, 74,
75-in Scotland, ib.-and in Ireland, 76; (3.)
transference to private dwellings, ib.; state of
pauper lunatics so disposed of at present, in Eng-
land, 77-in Scotland, 78; seq.—and in Ireland,
79; results of the examination of the three propo-
sed outlets for the chronic insane in asylums, 79,
80; recent provisions of the law to keep down un-
due accumulation in establishments, 80, 81; oth-
er considerations affecting this question, 81; mad-
houses and asylums, ib.; reform in treatment of
the insane, 82; importance of early treatment of
the disease, ib.; the relations between mental
and bodily health, 83; importance of the whole
subject, ib.

INDIA,-Public Works in: want of roads, 119; ap-
plication of the term "Public Works," 120; the
means available for work,-forced labour, ib.;
the idea of "Government" to a Hindu, ib.; com-
pulsory labour under the Mogul Shahs, 120, 121;
peculiar position of the British Government in
India, 121; its results-much writing, little work-
ing, ib.; difficulties and drawbacks to the opera-
tions of the Public Works department, 121, 122;
responsibilities of the officers, 122; their work,
122, 123; financial arrangements, 124; the
American blockade and the supply of cotton,
125; need of assistance for works in India, ib.;
inducements to lay out money in improving
India, 125, 126, staff of the Department, 126; engi-
neering Colleges, ib.; labour and labourers in India,
127; Major Chesney's "Indian Polity," 127, 128;
State versus private enterprise, 128; operations
connected with irrigation, ib.; road-making hin-
dered by the want of suitable materials, 129;
railways, tramways, and bridges, 130; the con-
tract system, ib.; what is necessary to make the
Public Works department really useful, 130, 131;
administration of the department, 131; conse-
quences of the minute system of supervision at
present exercised, 132; the question of Russian
invasion, ib.; importance and necessity of enlist-
ing on our side the interests and sympathies of
the people of India, 133.

Irish Church Measure, 300; Lord Salisbury on the
functions of the House of Lords, ib.; his advice
with regard to its present action, 301, 302; it is
more than a Senate, 302; the attainment of
equality between the confessions the present
problem, 303; policy of Gladstone and Bright, ib.;
the Irish Church Bill and its object, 303, 304; its
character as passed by the House of Commons,
304, 305; examination of Mr. Disraeli's speech on
the second reading, 305, 306; the question of
endowments, 307, 308; position of the Church as
contemplated by the Bill, 309; arrangements for
the employment of the surplus, 310; Maynooth
and the Regium Donum, ib.; tithes, ib.; general
justice of the measure, 310, 311; present state of
Ireland, 311; effect of the large majorities in the
House on the great body of the people, 311, 812;
the new Irish Lord Chancellor, 312; to what are
the recent outrages in Ireland to be attributed?
313, 314; liberation of the Fenian prisoners, 315;
the banquet at Cork, 316; demonstrations against
the Bill in the North, ib.; amendments to be in-
troduced in the House of Lords, 317; generosity
and justice, 318.

MAN, Early History of; see Early.

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Man's Chief End,--What is it? 100; Mr. Arnold on
"Culture and Anarchy," ib.; the ideal of culture
and its realization, 101; thesis to be proved,-
that culture prosecuted with a view to the entire
perfection of our manhood and the reflex glory of
God, is the one absolute and untransferable end of
human existence, ib.; what are the essentials of
human nature? 101, 102; "man's chief end" as
defined by the Westminster divines, 102, 103; the
educational schemes of so-called "practical men
vitiated by a fundamental flaw, 103, 104; this
doctrine of culture not separative and exclusive,
but intensely social, 104; a well-educated mind
sympathizes with other departments of study than
those it is specially acquainted with, 105; ideal
of an educated life, 105, 106; the religious facul-
ty, 106, 107; the relation in which religious cul-
ture stands to human perfection, 107; operation
of the law of intellectual and moral habit, 108;
three results of recognising the ideal, as here de-
fined, 108, 109; can this ideal be realized? 109;
obstacles and objections, 110, 111; summary of
the laws of culture, 111, 112; Mr. Arnold's teach-
ing on this subject, 112; Hellenism and Hebraism,
113; contrast between the two tendencies so de-
signated, 113, 114; Mr. Arnold's doctrine lays too
much stress on thought, and indefinitely postpones
action, 114; his anticipations of the future some-
what sad, 115; and why, ib.; his range of culture
unduly narrowed, 115, 116; his antagonism to
"machinery," 116; the austerity of his attitude
towards his own generation, 117; his classifica-
tion of British society, 118; "whence do we

LANDOR, Walter Savage,-Forster's biography of,
290; birth and parentage, 291, 292; his way-
wardness as a boy, 292; at Rugby school, 293;
his year at Oxford, 294; Dorothea Lyttleton, ib.;
becomes an author, 295; writes political articles
-visit to Paris, 295, 296; residence at Bath-
"Ianthe," 296; raid into Spain-purchase of
Llanthony, 296, 297; marriage with Julia Thuil-
lier, 297; settles at Florence till 1835, when he
returned to Bath, 297, 298; acquaintanceships
formed there-Forster, Dickens, Eliza Lynn, 298;
death at Florence, ib.; description of his person,
ib.;
his love of children, 299; remarks on his
genius, ib.
Lunacy, Increase of, 65; statistics of the asy-

come ?" "whither do we tend ?" 118, 119.
Milman's (Dean) "Annals of St. Paul's," 52; his
early life, and literary labours, 52, 53; careless
editing of the "Annals," 54; notices of early
Deans, ib.; and Bishops of London, 55; the hu
mour and urbanity of his writings, ib.; his style
compared with that of Gibbon, 56, 57; charac-
teristics of it, 57, 59; controversies in which he
was engaged, 59; his "History of the Jews," 59,

60; his "History of Christianity," and Dr. New-
man's review of it, 61, 62; his distaste for pure
dogma, and preference for the devotional over the
controversial, 62, 63; not chargeable with indif-
ference towards his order, or carelessness for the
religious truth he was pledged to teach, 63, 64.

REVOLUTIONS in the Queen's English; see English
language.

Robinson, Henry Crabb,- Diary and Correspon-
dence of, 189; his early life, and studies, 189,190;
visit to Germany, 191; interview with Goethe, 191,
192; residence at Frankfort, 192; matriculates
as a student at Jena, ib.; life at a German Uni-
versity seventy years ago, ib.; notable person-
ages whose acquaintance he made, 193; Madame
de Staël, ib.; death of Schiller, 194; narrow es-
cape from expulsion, ib.; Mrs. Barbauld, and
Charles Lamb, 195; narrow escapes from capture
on the Continent, ib.; becomes special corres-
pondent of the Times during the Spanish Revolu-
tion of 1808, ib.; sketches of notable writers in
the Times, 196; legal studies, ib.; Coleridge as
a Lecturer, 197; anecdote of Lord Chancellor
Thurlow, ib.; Wordsworth's dogmatism, 198;
Robinson's opinion of Waverley, ib.; practice as
a barrister, ib.; Brougham and Queen Caroline,
199; notices of Carlyle, ib., and J. S. Mill, 200;
Walter Savage Landor, ib.; Emerson's Lectures,
ib.; old age, illness and 'death, 200, 201; the
author's character, 201; his connexion with the
Unitarians, ib.

Royal engineers, The: recent diffusion of the knowl-
edge of military matters, 1; power of the news-
paper, 1, 2; our military skill in modern cam-
paigns, 2; Lord Napier and the Abyssinian ex-
pedition, 3; present position of our artillerymen

and engineers, ib.;-is it a just one? 4; I
Napier invited to Chatham by the officers of
Royal Engineers, ib.; the Royal Military Ac
my at Chatham, 5; and the training rece
there, ib.; occupations of the corps in the 1
of peace, ib.; their work on service, 6-sieg
Delhi, 6, 7; Sir Hugh Rose at Jhansi, escalač
7, 8; disabilities of Engineers, and the u
treatment they have received, 8; instance
services rendered by them in the field, 9; les
to be gathered from the last struggle bet
Austria and Prussia, 10; necessity of army
form,-sale of commissions, ib.; social pos
of officers,--cost of a cadet at Chatham, ib.
justice of excluding ordinance officers from
mands, ib.

Russian Literature; see Turguenief.

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TURGUENIEF'S Novels: literature in Russia,
Turguenief's characteristics as a writer of fi
13; serfdom as depicted in "A Sports
Notes," 13, 14, seq.; illustrations of the de
of proprietors with their serfs, 14, 17; ma
and customs of the peasantry in their relatio
each other, 17, 18; his descriptions of sce
19; stories illustrating various phases of R
society-"Moomoo," 19, 20- "The Ta
20, 21; pictures of the higher ranks of s
"Faust," 21, 22; special merits of his
lettes, 22, 23; "The Diary of a Superfluous
23, 24; plot of "Lisa," 24, 27; the new:
of Radicals as depicted in "Fathers and Chil
27, 31- Nihilism in Russia, 28, 31; the
entitled "Smoke," holding up to ridicule t
triotic party who have no need of Weste
ture, 31, 34; Turguenief's other writings,

THE

NORTH BRITISH REVIEW.

NO. XCIX.

FOR MARCH, 1869.

ART. I-1. The Royal Engineer. By SIR | FRANCIS B. HEAD. 8vo. London, 1869. 2. Professional Papers of the Royal Engineers. London.

Ir the art of war has made no marked progress of late years among those of us who are soldiers by profession, it is certain that a considerable knowledge of military matters has recently been diffused through our community at large. Armies their organization and their evolutions-are subjects which, little more than a dozen years ago, were surrounded with a halo of mystery penetrable by none but men bearing arms.

Few of those who held Her Majesty's commission ventured to express an opinion on such matters. The only literature in which they were noticed consisted of one or two periodicals whose circulation was limited to mess-rooms and military clubs.

Sebastopol had fallen most of us had mastered this little formidable vocabulary by no more difficult process than the perusal of our morning papers.

But this state of things has disappeared. Along with the troops who undertook the invasion of the Crimea, there were a few Englishmen in no way trained in the avocations of fighting, but who not the less managed to furnish our newspapers with descriptions of every phase of that expedition; and this they did in terms so accurate and so graphic as to lead their readers to the conclusion that, after all, military affairs might prove capable of being understood by any man of ordinary education and intelligence.

And while this sort of knowledge was being spread over England, there arose on all sides an increased interest in things military, which, under the influence of the Volunteer movement, eventually took a permanent place in our feelings.

Even the technical phraseology of warfare came by degrees to be appreciated by men who hitherto had shrunk from approaching what seemed to them an insurmountable obstacle to researches in this field. Its terms were soon discovered to be neither numerous nor hard of comprehension. Long before

VOL. L.

N-1

Our soldiers, their equipments and their manoeuvres, are now topics of daily talk, and are made subject to as free a criticism as any other matter which our journalists think fit to select for censure or approval.

In each modern campaign reporters for the Press accompany the combatants. The Special Correspondent is now an essential member of each well-constituted journalistio staff, and is held in readiness to be despatched on a very short notice to any theatre of war which may offer an opportu nity for his pen. The importance of his duties has come to be recognized even by those who long looked upon him as a mischievous interloper in camps. officer meets with more attention than is now lavished on this news-writer by every prudent man of the force to which he is accredited. From the confidential documents of the chief of the staff to a seat at the mess-table of any regiment or battery that may be present-everything is pressed ardently on his acceptance.

No general

The influence he is capable of exerting on the highest dignitaries of the army is great, so great at times as to lead to inconvenience, and even to acts of doubtful justice.

His widely-published dicta coming fresh from a field of battle are apt to produce on the minds of his readers an effect not to be

effaced by the more accurate despatch in which the commander of an expedition may tardily proceed to point out the proper recipients for the rewards of victory.

More than one Victoria Cross has been virtually awarded by a special correspondent, who contrived to describe in glowing terms acts of an individual which possibly remained unperceived by his regimental brethren. Nor has the power of the newspaper been less surely established over the military authorities in England. That curiouslynamed corporation of army officials, the Horse Guards, has at length thrown open its long-closed doors.

one long record of devotion, bravery, and blunders on the part of our commanders, almost every step taken in it involving a violation of the recognised principles of warfare-an invasion undertaken without information being obtained as to the country to be entered; the results of a battle thrown away for want of a reconnoissance to verify the defenceless state of the north side of Sebastopol; an English army made to file for a couple of days across an enemy's position; and, last crowning crime of war, a siege carried on against a place which was left entirely free from investment, and consequently open to constant reinforcements.

Yielding to the modern craving for pub- Nor did the Indian Mutiny furnish many licity, our army authorities have laid bare instances of brilliant generalship. Itself every source of information to the researches a creature of Our defective military of the reporter. "What says the Times?" organization, it brought to light a singular has come to be a question asked each morn- want of perception on the part of many offiing in Whitehall with as much solicitude as cers as to the means best adapted to meet a banker of twenty years ago used to display the end in view. The cumbrous columns, in demanding of the confidential clerk who their deliberate movements, and the general ushered him into his business-room, "How system of strategy which characterized Lord are the Funds ?" Clyde's operations in Oude, might be admiKnowledge begets inquiry. As English-rably suited for European warfare, but men have gone on increasing their acquaintance with their army, so have they ventured to investigate many matters connected with it which long appeared hard of comprehension.

In other countries they saw warfare cultivated as a science. The success of Sadowa and its preceding combats was secured, as they learned, by a system of tactics and strategy conducted by one man, on a principle as certain, and as regularly organized, as that which a skilful chess-player brings to bear on each movement he makes on the board. Throughout continental Europe, as well as America, the men selected to command armies appeared thoroughly conversant with the theory and practice of war.

It mattered not that the training had been obtained in any individual regiment or department. If the officer were capable he at once found opportunities of command.

seemed somewhat misjudged applications of art when brought to bear on opponents so bad at fighting and so good at flying as the mutineers on all occasions showed themselves to be.

Turning to England, our observers saw an entirely different policy pursued. Here they found prevalent the grand, simple idea of soldiering such as it existed in the flint period; a calm conviction of the incontestable superiority of the British army, which required no further aid from art than such as is imagined to be developed on a field of battle by the inspiration of that ignis fatuus of our country which goes by the name of

common sense.

Nor did the results of this rudimentary apparatus for wielding the warlike resources of the nation bear a critical examination.

The Crimean campaign appeared to be

Indeed, of the many officers who held important commands throughout that campaign, few but Lord Strathnairn and Lord Napier had the military discernment to recognise its circumstances to be of a nature in which strict tactics might well be set aside in favour of a bold course of action improvised for the occasion.

Our wars in New Zealand disclosed equally unsatisfactory examples of military skill. There again our generals appear to have been unable to grasp a proper conception of the special character of the combats on which they had to enter. There, too, operations such as are intended for troops acting in an open country, against an enemy equipped after a European model, were unwisely carried out against bands of brave but undisciplined savages lurking in the bush.

In short, without venturing to fatigue our readers by reminding them of the haphazard sort of tactics displayed by our generals in modern campaigns, we may safely say that results in each instance have not been such as to imbue Englishmen with a high esti mate of their military commanders.

The first really successful expedition undertaken by a British army for many a day was that directed against Abyssinia. Of fighting, it is true, there was but little.

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But on that score we have little cause to
question the competency of English gene-
rals; so that the bloodless nature of this
campaign did not affect its merits in the
eyes of the country.

It was the perfect organization and ad-
ministration of the force required to effect a
hazardous operation in a most difficult
country which called forth not only the
approval of England, but of other nations
who are chary in admitting our claims to
military skill.

The man who planned and conducted this expedition was clearly above the ordinary calibre of British generals. Who was he? what were his antecedents? were questions asked by many.

tenure of this office that the release of the Abyssinian captives was resolved upon. Bombay was the point evidently best suited as a starting-point for this purpose. Again it happened that the command of this undertaking did not fall to be decided by the army authorities in Whitehall. And again it chanced that the choice of those charged with the selection fell on Napier.

Seeing how singularly successful he had proved himself as a general, men now began to ask how it came about that the country was prevented from availing itself of the services of the corps to which he belonged. What was its history, what might be its shortcomings in the eyes of our army officials?

Was it possible that some subtle insular idiosyncracy did in reality render the English artilleryman and engineer different from their fellows in other armies of the world? Napoleon was an artillery officer; General Lee, the commander of the army of the Confederate States of America, is an engineer; so is Marshal Niel, so is Vaillant, so was Cavaignac.

To those who had already formed doubts
as to the judicious award of our posts of
military responsibility, a confirmation of
their suspicions was now afforded by the
discovery that Lord Napier had come to head
this expedition by what must be described as a
geographical accident. He belonged to the
corps of Royal Engineers, and as such was,
by the time-honoured traditions of White-
hall, rendered incapable, along with his
comrades of the Artillery, of commanding a
British army, or even a division of a British
army. This professional ban has always
held, and still holds, undisputed sway in
England and her colonies. But India, under
the old régime of the Sovereign-Company,
was exempt from its operation; for the Di-
rectors in Leadenhall Street considered that
as good horses are of all colours, so good
generals may be of all corps. Even to this
day this lax creed obtains in our Eastern
possessions, although, in justice to English
army officials, it is fair to say that a steady
pressure has all along been exerted by them
to purge these distant dependencies of this
remnant of military nonconformity.

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In India, too, it was clear that both corps had shown capabilities of command. Sir George Pollock, who retrieved the disasters of Afghanistan, is an artilleryman; and Lord Napier, as we have already seen, is a good general although an engineer. How came it that the higher capacities of these Ordnance officers should be incapable of development outside the tropics? The sition they held in the British army proper appeared to be this-that artillerymen do well enough to dash up and unlimber in face of an enemy's column, and so manage to break its formation as to enable the cavalry to be brought up to finish the work it had cost the lives of a good many gunners and drivers to begin. Engineers, too, were all very well in their way; very serviceable in riding ahead of the columns, and thus picking up intelligence at the expense of inconvenient warnings from an enemy's outpickets. Occasionally, too, they were useful in pointing out to a puzzled general the conformation of a battle-ground, and the disposition of troops it might require. And no doubt they came in opportunely when a man was wanted to lead a storming party through a breach, or show the way up the ladders at an escalade. Within limits of this kind artillerymen and engineers might be employed. But not beyond them. For the higher work of British warfare they were held to be unfitted. Any claim urged

By reason, then, of this schismatic practice of the Eastern army, which may be designated the Great Ordnance Heresy, it chanced that Robert Napier, who had fought in the Punjaub campaigns, and who had been chief of the staff to Sir James Outram at Lucknow, came to command a brigade of the Central Indian Field Force in 1858; and as his work as a soldier was always well done, he afterwards commanded a division of the army employed in the last war with China, and there again with much

success.

In course of time a Commander-in-Chief was wanted for the army of Bombay. Sir Robert Napier was considered a man eminently qualified for the post, and as the choice did not rest with the Horse Guards he was appointed to it. It was during his

on their behalf to exercise military commands was at once set at rest by the simple official procedure of reminding them that

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