fied keep, resting upon the south-eastern face, | unfortunate refugees, who endeavour to supor base of the triangle, in which the city had port life by fishing, or by any other local embeen originally laid out. The victorious Tar- ployment which they can obtain. In all such tars when establishing their garrisons through- places as we had an opportunity of visiting out the empire seemed to have carefully the distress and misery of the inhabitants avoided placing them in the centres of cities, were beyond description. Large families were evidently preferring commanding positions crowded together into low, small, tent-shaped somewhere along the original walls of the wigwams, constructed of reeds, through the place, where they then constructed a small thin sides of which the cold wind whistled at city for themselves, from which they domi- every blast from the biting north. The denineered over the Chinese quarter. At Nankin zens were clothed in rags of the most loathall the buildings of the dominant race have some kind, and huddled together for the sake been completely destroyed; their débris is now of warmth. The old looked cast down and being used in the construction of the king's unable to work from weakness, whilst that palaces, which are the only public works now eager expression peculiar to starvation, never in progress. Nankin is surrounded by gently to be forgotten by those who have once witsloping hills, which, towards the north-east-nessed it, was visible upon the emaciated feaward, assume a rugged appearance, with pointed rocks and high cliffs showing themselves here and there. On some of these the rebels have constructed ridiculous outworks, which are incapable of defence if regularly attacked, and, if even cut off from communication with the garrison of the city, must surrender from want of water. To the north the ground between the city walls and the low slopes of the hills is mostly covered with water and deep marshes, which, strange to say, abound with pheasants. I have seen as many as thirty birds get up from a small piece of water-covered ground not more than fifty yards square. WITH THE REBELS AT NANKIN. All the rebel soldiers that we saw were badly armed, the universal weapon being a long bamboo with a pike on the top-a very small proportion having old muskets, matchlocks, or pistols; a few fowling-pieces and rifles. Every second man carried a huge flag, and some carried swords;-altogether it is impossible to imagine a more undisciplined or inefficient mob. Wherever they go they plunder and destroy. Civilization, and even animal life, seems to disappear before them, and their march may be tracked by the bodies of murdered peasants and the ruined habitations which they leave behind them. The country people, far and wide, fly from contact with them, transporting their little all to some place which they deem safer. On the banks of the river, beyond the territories thus laid waste, numbers of large straw-built villages are now to be seen, hastily thrown up by the tures of the little children. With most it was a mere question of how many days' hunger they might drag on their weary lives, whilst even the very moments of many seemed already numbered. The rebel ranks are swelled in two ways: the first by the capture of unwilling men, and, secondly, by those who, being deprived of all they have in this world by the invading marauders, have, as their only alternative, either to starve or join their spoilers themselves. The destructive policy of the rebels in this way serves them well. As we steamed from Nankin up the river, how we desired that all those good people at home who wish the Tein-wanists well, and pray daily for their success, could but make a similar voyage, and thus have an opportunity of judging for themselves regarding the two rival powers who are struggling for mastery. When once you have passed clear from the last rebel outpost and got some distance within the still imperial territory, the contrast around could scarcely be believed without seeing it. The river which near the rebels is a great deserted highway, is there to be seen wellcovered with trading craft; highly cultivated farms stretch down to the water's edge, whilst neatly built and snug-looking villages and hamlets are scattered along both banks. In the neighbourhood of Hankow, where the blackened house-gables show the traveller that it also had one time shared in the misfortunes of Nankin, the work of rebuilding is going on steadily, and is likely to continue, as the exertions and the energy of the present viceroy inspire an ever-increasing confidence in those whom he governs. The local authorities laugh at the notion of the rebels taking the place whilst they have, as they assert, 30,000 men in arms there. JOHN KEEGAN KEEGAN CASEY. BORN 1846- DIED 1870. [John Keegan Casey was son of a peasant farmer of county Westmeath, and was born at Mount Dalton, a village close to Mullingar, the capital of that county, on August 22, 1846. In spite of unfavourable circumstances he devoted much of his time to study; and he was but sixteen when his first poem appeared in the Nation, under his well-known nom-deplume of "Leo." He began life as a mercantile clerk; but after some time made literature his profession. In 1866 a first collection of the poems he had contributed to various journals was issued, under the title A Wreath of Shamrocks. The work was received with great favour in Ireland and America; and some London critics were fain to forget its political bias because of its literary merit. In 1867 Casey was arrested for his connection with Fenianism; and the imprisonment through which he had to pass perhaps hurried his untimely end. In 1869 he published a second collection of his poems, under the title The Rising of the Moon. The London Review says of these poems, "Treason is put in a fascinating, tolerant, and intelligent shape. Of course the Saxon comes in for it; but no Saxon could feel over-vexed at being railed at so eloquently in his own language." A sudden attack of hæmorrhage of the lungs brought Mr. Casey's promising life to a close, March 17, 1870, in his twenty-fourth year. The skill with which he had embodied popular feelings in his verse procured for him a high degree of popularity, and his funeral is said to have been attended by no less than 50,000 people.] The feast is spread, within the hall Flash drinking cups with gold encrowned; The harp leans lightly 'gainst the wall To strike for thee the welcome sound. So haste away to Tirnan-og, &c. A hundred robes of precious silk, And armour of the brightest shine. So haste away to Tirnan-og, &c. And beauteous as the morning sun, Around thy noble steps will throng To make thy path a joyous one; And heroes, in the combat stern, In speed and boldness unsurpassed, Before whose prowess Fionn would learn To bow his haughty head at last. So haste away to Tirnan-og, &c. O Oisin of the powerful hand! First in the chase, first in the war, Over our sweet and glorious land Thy gallant deeds were borne afar. Loch Leine is deep, but deeper still In Niamh's soul thy image dwells; Then turn thee westward from this hill To where the sun-hued billow swells. Oh! haste away to Tirnan-og, &c. SONG OF GOLDEN-HEADED NIAMH. AN OSSIANIC LAY. Oh! come with me to Tirnan-og; There fruit and blossoms bend each tree, Red sparkling wine and honey flow, And beauty smiles from sea to sea. My white steed waits in golden sheen; MY CAILIN RUADH. My fairy girl, my darling girl, If I were near thee now, The sunlight of your eyes would chase The sorrow from my brow; Your lips would whisper o'er and o'er The words so fond and true, They whispered long and long ago, My gentle Cailin Ruadh. No more by Inny's bank I sit, Or rove the meadows brown, But count the weary hours away Pent in this dismal town; I cannot breathe the pasture air, Thy laugh was like the echo sent From Oonagh's crystal hall; Thy eyes the moonlight's flashing glance Thy hair the amber clouds at eve, When lovers haste to woo; O sweetheart! I can see thee stand But drearily and wearily The snow is drifting by, And drearily and wearily It bears my lonely sigh Far from this lonely Connaught town, DONAL KENNY. "Come, piper, play the 'Shaskan Reel,' Or else the 'Lasses on the heather,' And, Mary, lay aside your wheel Until we dance once more together. At fair and pattern oft before Of reels and jigs we've tripped full many; But ne'er again this loved old floor Will feel the foot of Donal Kenny." Softly she rose and took his hand, And softly glided through the measure, O Blessed Virgin! guide the ship Which bears bold Donal o'er the ocean! "Now God be with you all!" he sighed, Adown his face the bright tears flowing"God guard you well, avic," they cried, "Upon the strange path you are going." So full his breast, he scarce could speak, With burning grasp the stretched hands taking, He pressed a kiss on every cheek, And sobbed as if his heart was breaking. "Boys, don't forget me when I'm gone, For sake of all the days passed over- Has willed my fate" (he whispered lowly); "Another holds thy heart: good bye! Heaven grant you both its blessings holy!" A kiss upon her brow of snow, A rush across the moonlit meadow, And far beyond the Inny river; And Donal Kenny's gone for ever. The breezes whistled through the sails, O'er Galway Bay the ship was heaving, Of parting sorrow gave no token, WILLIAM E. H. LECKY. oracles of criticism has been confirmed by the reading public, and will be, in our opinion, endorsed by every one who devotes even a few hours to his fascinating volumes. [Mr. Lecky has in a few years and by four | verdict passed originally by the periodical works gained the right to be regarded as in the front rank of contemporary historians. His books have already attained to something like the position of classics on the subjects with which they deal, and the production of a new volume by him is now a literary event. This high position has been worthily won; the The record of his life up to the present is brief. William Edward Hartpole Lecky was born in the neighbourhood of Dublin on March 26, 1838. He went through the usual course in Trinity College; graduated B.A. in 1859, and M.A. in 1863. His first work, The Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland, was published anonymously in 1861. In this volume the great men who have at different times controlled Irish destinies are passed in review -Swift, Flood and Grattan, O'Connell; and their lives, characters, and influences are discussed with a fairness that is not too often the characteristic of Irish writers on Irish affairs. The work was not acknowledged till 1871-72 when a new edition was published. In 1865 appeared the History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe. This work has already passed through several editions. The History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne followed in 1869; and his latest work, published in 1878, are two volumes of A History of England in the Eighteenth Century. All those works are characterized by the same qualities. A fine power of generalization is combined with a great mastery of detail: a glance at the foot-notes will suffice to show the vast extent of the author's reading. Mr. Lecky has to deal with most of the great moral and philosophical questions which divide the opinions of men; and though one may dissent, and some thinkers have strongly dissented, from his conclusions, no fair reader can deny that they have been arrived at after patient and calm investigation. Mr. Lecky's style is admirably adapted to his subject: clear, correct, simple, yet finished; and, though never ambitious, often truly eloquent.] city in the empire, containing, according to the most trustworthy accounts, between 100,000 and 120,000 inhabitants. Like most things in Ireland, it presented vivid contrasts, and strangers were equally struck with the crowds of beggars, the inferiority of the inns, the squalid wretchedness of the streets of the old town, and with the noble proportions of the new quarter, and the brilliant and hospitable society that inhabited it. The Liffey was spanned by four bridges, and another on a grander scale was undertaken in 1753. St.Stephen's Green was considered the largest square in Europe. The quays of Dublin were widely celebrated; but the chief boast of the city was the new Parliament House, which was built between 1729 and 1739 for the very moderate sum of £34,000, and was justly regarded as far superior in beauty to the Parliament House of Westminster. In the reigns of Elizabeth and of the early Stuarts the Irish Parliament met in the Castle under the eyes of the chief governor. It afterwards assembled at the Tholsel, in Chichester House, and during the erection of the Parliament House in two great rooms of the Foundling Hospital. The new edifice was chiefly built by the surveyorgeneral, Sir Edward Pearce, who was a member of the Irish Parliament, and it entitles him to a very high place among the architects of his time. In ecclesiastical architecture the city had nothing to boast of, for the churches, with one or two exceptions, were wholly devoid of beauty, and their monuments were clumsy, scanty, and mean; but the college, though it wanted the venerable charm of the English universities, spread in stately squares far beyond its original limits. The cheapness of its education and the prevailing distaste for in DUBLIN IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. dustrial life which induced crowds of poor (FROM HISTORY OF ENGLAND.") What I have written may be sufficient to show that Irish life in the first half of the eighteenth century was not altogether the corrupt, frivolous, grotesque, and barbarous thing that it has been represented; that among many and glaring vices some real public spirit and intellectual energy may be discerned. It may be added that great improvements were at this time made in the material aspect of Dublin. In the middle of the eighteenth century it was in dimensions and population the second 1 This and the following extracts are made by permis sion of the author. gentry to send their sons to the university, when they would have done far better to send and in spite of great discouragement it apthem to the counter, contributed to support it, pears on the whole to have escaped the torpor which had at this time fallen over the univerof the century to have contained about 700 sities of England. It is said before the middle students. A laboratory and anatomical theatre had been opened in 1710 and 1711. The range of instruction had been about the same time enlarged by the introduction of lectures on chemistry, anatomy, and botany, and a few years later by the foundation of new lectureships on oratory, history, natural and experimental philosophy. The library was assisted by grants from the Irish Parliament. It was enriched by large collections of books and manuscripts bequeathed during the first half of the eighteenth century by Palliser, Archbishop of Cashel, by Gilbert, the vice-provost and professor of divinity, and by Stearn, the Bishop of Clogher, and its present noble reading-room was opened in 1732. Another library-comprising that which had once belonged to Stillingfleet-had been founded in Dublin by Bishop Marsh, and was incorporated by act of parliament in 1707. The traces of recent civil war and the arrogance of a dominant minority were painfully apparent. The statue of William III. stood as the most conspicuous monument opposite | the Parliament of Ireland. A bust of the same sovereign, bearing an insulting distich reflecting on the adherents of James, was annually painted by the corporation. The toast of "the glorious, pious, and immortal memory" was given on all public occasions by the viceroy. The walls of the House of Lords were hung with tapestry representing the siege of Derry and the battle of the Boyne. A standing order of the House of Commons excluded Catholics even from the gallery. The anniversaries of the Battle of Aghrim, of the Battle of the Boyne, of the Gunpowder Plot, and, above all, of the discovery of the rebellion of 1641, were always celebrated. On the last-named occasion the lord-lieutenant went in full state to Christ's Church, where a sermon on the rebellion was preached. At noon the great guns of the castle were fired. The church bells were rung, and the day concluded with bonfires and illuminations. Like London and Edinburgh, Dublin possessed many elements of disorder, and several men were killed and several others hamstrung or otherwise brutally injured in savage feuds between the Ormond and the Liberty boys, between the students of the university and the butchers around St. Patrick, between the butchers and the weavers, and between the butchers and the soldiers. As in most English towns, bull-baiting was a very popular amusement, and many riots grew out of the determination of the populace to bait cattle that were being brought to market. Occasionally, too, in seasons of great distress there were outbreaks against foreign goods, and shops containing them were sacked. The police of the town seems to have been very insufficient, but an important step was taken in the cause of order by the adoption in 1719 of a new system of lighting the streets after the model of London, which was extended to Cork and Limerick. Large lanterns were provided at the public expense to be lighted in the dark quarters of the moon from half an hour after sunset till two in the morning; in the other quarters of the moon, during which there had previously been no lights, whenever the moon was down or overshadowed. There was not much industrial life, but the linen trade was flourishing, a linen-hall was built in 1728, and there was also a considerable manufactory of tapestry and carpets. Among the higher classes there are some traces of an immorality of a graver kind than the ordinary dissipation of Irish life. In the early Hanoverian period a wave of impiety broke over both islands, and great indignation and even consternation was excited in Ireland by the report that there existed in Dublin, among some men of fashion, a club called the "Blasters," or the "Hell-fire Club," resembling the Medmenham brotherhood which some years later became so celebrated in England. It was not of native growth, and is said to have derived its origin, or at least its character, from a painter named Peter Lens, who had lately come into the kingdom, and who was accused of the grossest blasphemy, of drinking the health of the devil, and of openly abjuring God. A committee of the House of Lords inquired into the matter in 1737, and presented a report offering a reward for the apprehension of Lens, and at the same time deploring a great and growing neglect of Divine worship, of religious education, and of the observance of Sunday, as well as an increase of idleness, luxury, profanity, gaming, and drinking. The existence of the Hell-fire Club has been doubted, and the charges against its members were certainly by no means established, but there can be little question that the report of the Lords' Committee was right in its censure of the morals of many of the upper classes. The first Lord Rosse was equally famous for his profligacy and for his wit; and in 1739 Lord Santry was arraigned and found guilty of murder by the House of Lords, for having killed a man in a drunken fray. The number of carriages in proportion to the population of the city was unusually great. It is said that as many as 300 filled with gentlemen, sometimes assembled to meet the lord-lieutenant on his arrival from England. There were about 200 hackney-carriages and as many chairs, and it was noticed as a singularity of Dublin, which may be ascribed either to the wretched pavement or to the |