CONTENTS.

* This Table of Contents, and the copious Index to the volume, wors
obligingly prepared by the Rev. G. F. WRIGHT, of Andover.

ARTICLE I.

THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION.

Views and Definitions of Species.-How Darwin's differs from that

of Agassiz, and from the Common View.-Variation, its Causes

unknown.-Darwin's Genealogical Tree.-Darwin and Agassiz

agree in the Capital Facts.-Embryology.-Physical Connec-

tion of Species compatible with Intellectual Connection.-How

to prove Transmutation.-Known Extent of Variation.-Cause

of Likeness unknown.-Artificial Selection.-Reversion.-In-

terbreeding.-Natural Selection.-Classification tentative.-

What Darwin assumes.-Argument stated.-How Natural Se-

lection works. Where the Argument is weakest.-Objections.

-Morphology and Teleology harmonized.-Theory not athe-

istical.--Conceivable Modes of Relation of God to Nature

-

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9

ARTICLE II.

DESIGN versus NECESSITY-A DISCUSSION.

How Design in Nature can be shown.-Design not inconsistent

with Indirect Attainment

62

ARTICLE III.

NATURAL SELECTION NOT INCONSISTENT WITH NATURAL THEOLOGY.

PART I.-Premonitions of Darwinism.-A Proper Subject for

Speculation.-Summary of Facts and Ideas suggestive of Hy-

potheses of Derivation

PART II.-Limitations of Theory conceded by Darwin.—What Dar-

winism explains.-Geological Argument strong in the Tertiary

Period.-Correspondence between Rank and Geological Suc-

cession.-Difficulties in Classification.-Nature of Affinity.-

No Absolute Distinction between Vegetable and Animal King-

doms.- Individuality.—Gradation

PART III.-Theories contrasted.-Early Arguments against Darwin-

ism.-Philosophical and Theological Objections.-Theory may

be theistic.-Final Cause not excluded.-Cause of Variation

unknown.-Three Views of Efficient Cause compatible with

Theism.-Agassiz's Objections of a Philosophical Nature.-

Minor Objections.--Conclusion

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104

. 129

ARTICLE IV.

SPECIES AS TO VARIATION, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, AND SUCCESSION.

Alphonse De Candolle's Study of the Oak Genus.-Variability of

the Species.-Antiquity.-A Common Origin probable.-Dr.

Falconer on the Common Origin of Elephants.-Variation and

Natural Selection distinguished.--Saporta on the Gradation be-

tween the Vegetable Forms of the Cretaceous and the Tertiary.

-Hypothesis of Derivation more likely to be favored by Bot-

anists than by Zoologists.--Views of Agassiz respecting the

Origin, Dispersion, Variation, Characteristics, and Successive

Creation of Species contrasted with those of De Candolle and

others.-Definition of Species.-Whether its Essence is in the

Likeness or in the Genealogical Connection of the Individuals

composing a Species

178

ARTICLE V.

SEQUOIA AND ITS HISTORY: THE RELATIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN TO NORTH-

EASTERN ASIAN AND TO TERTIARY VEGETATION.

Age and Size of Sequoia.-Isolation.-Decadence.-Related Ge-

nera. Former Distribution.-Similarity between the Flora of

Japan and that of the United States, especially on the Atlantic

Side.-Former Glaciation as explaining the Present Dispersion

of Species.-This confirmed by the Arctic Fossil Flora of the

Tertiary Period.—Tertiary Flora derived from the Preceding

Cretaceous.-Order and Adaptation in Organic Nature likened

to a Flow.-Order implies an Ordainer

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205

ARTICLE VI.

THE ATTITUDE OF WORKING NATURALISTS TOWARD DARWINISM.

General Tendency to Acceptance of the Derivative Hypothesis

noted.-Lyell, Owen, Alphonse De Candolle, Bentham, Flower,

Allman.-Dr. Dawson's "Story of the Earth and Man " exam-

ined.-Difference between Scientific Men and General Specu-

lators or Amateurs in the Use of Hypotheses.

ARTICLE VII.

EVOLUTION AND THEOLOGY.

Writings of Henslow, Hodges, and Le Conte examined.-Evolu-

tion and Design compatible.-The Admission of a System of

Nature, with Fixed Laws, concedes in Principle all that the

Doctrine of Evolution requires.-Hypotheses, Probabilities,

and Surmises, not to be decried by Theologians, who use them,

perhaps, more freely and loosely than Naturalists.-Theolo-

gians risk too much in the Defense of Untenable Outposts

ARTICLE VIII.

WHAT IS DARWINISM?"

Dr. Hodge's Book with this Title criticised.-He declares that Dar-
winism is Atheism, yet its Founder a Theist.-Darwinism

236

252

PAGE

founded, however, upon Orthodox Conceptions, and opposed,

not to Theism, but only to Intervention in Nature, while the

Key-note of Dr. Hodge's System is Interference.-Views and

Writings of St. Clair, Winchell, and Kingsley adverted to 266

ARTICLE IX.

CHARLES DARWIN SKETCH ACCOMPANYING A PORTRAIT IN

"NATURE."

Darwin's Characteristics and Work as a Naturalist compared with

those of Robert Brown.-His Illustration of the Principle that

"Nature abhors Close Fertilization."-His Impression upon

Natural History exceeded only by Linnæus.-His Service in

restoring Teleology to Natural History

288

ARTICLE X.

INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.

Classification marks Distinctions where Nature exhibits Grada-

tions.-Recovery of Forgotten Knowledge and History of

what was known of Dionæa, Drosera, and Sarracenia

289

ARTICLE XI.

INSECTIVOROUS AND CLIMBING PLANTS.

Review of Darwin's Two Works upon these Subjects.-No Absolute

Marks for distinguishing between Vegetables and Animals.-

New Observations upon the Sundews or Droseras.-Their Sen-

sitiveness, Movements, Discernment of the Presence and Ap-

propriation of Animal Matter.-Dionæa, and other Plants of

the same Order.-Utricularia and Pinguicula.-Sarracenia and

Nepenthes.-Climbing Plants; the Climbing effected through

Sensitiveness or Response to External Impression and Auto-

matic Movement.-Capacities inherent in Plants generally,

and apparently of no Service to them, developed and utilized

by those which climb.-Natural Selection not a Complete Ex-

planation

308

ARTICLE XII.

DURATION AND ORIGINATION OF RACE AND SPECIES.

PART I.-Do Varieties in Plants wear out, or tend to wear out?—

The Question considered in the Light of Facts, and in that of

the Darwinian Theory.-Conclusion that Races sexually propa-

gated need not die of Old Age.-This Conclusion inferred

from the Provisions and Arrangements in Nature to secure

Cross-Fertilization of Individuals.-Reference to Mr. Darwin's

Development of this View

PART II.-Do Species wear out, and, if not, why not?-Implication
of the Darwinian Theory that Species are unlimited in Exist-
ence.-Examination of an Opposite Doctrine maintained by
Naudin.-Evidence that Species may die out from Inherent
Causes only indirect and inferential from Arrangements to
secure Wide Breeding.-Physiological Import of Sexes.-
Doubtful whether Sexual Reproduction with Wide Breeding
is a Preventive or only a Palliative of Decrepitude in Species.
-Darwinian Hypothesis must suppose the Former

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847

ARTICLE XIII.

EVOLUTIONARY TELEOLOGY.

The Opposition between Morphology and Teleology reconciled by
Darwinism, and the Latter reinstated.--Character of the New
Teleology.-Purpose and Design distinguished.-Man has no
Monopoly of the Latter.-Inference of Design from Adap-
tation and Utility legitimate; also in Hume's Opinion irresisti-
ble. The Principle of Design, taken with Specific Creation,
totally insufficient and largely inapplicable; but, taken with
the Doctrine of the Evolution of Species in Nature, applicable,
pertinent, and, moreover, necessary.-Illustrations from Abor-
tive Organs, supposed Waste of Being, etc.—All Nature being
of a Piece, Design must either pervade or be absent from the
Whole.--Its Absence not to be inferred because the Events
take place in Nature.-Illustration of the Nature and Prov-
ince of Natural Selection.-It picks out, but does not origi-