DISTRICT OF SOUTH CAROLINA. BE IT REMEMBERED, that, on the twenty-fifth day of October, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and nineteen, and in the forty-fourth year of the Independence of the United States of America, Eleanor H. L. Ramsay, Martha H. L. Ramsay, Catherine H. L. Ramsay, Sabina E. Ramsay, David Ramsay, James Ramsay, Nathaniel Ramsay, and William Ramsay, deposited in this office the title of a Book, the right whereof they claim as proprietors, in the words following, to wit: "Universal History Americanised; or, an Historical View of the World, "from the earliest records to the year 1808. With a particular reference "to the State of Society, Literature, Religion, and Form of Government, in "the United States of America. By David Ramsay, M. D. To which is appended, a Supplement, containing a brief View of History, from the "year 1808 to the battle of Waterloo." "Life is so short, and time so valuable, that it were happy for us if all "'great works were reduced to their quintessence.' Sir William Jones. ""Primaque ab origine mundi “Ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen.” 66 "In twelve volumes." Ovid. In conformity to the Act of Congress of the United States, entitled, " An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned," and also an act entitled "An act supplementary to an act entitled, “ An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned," and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving and etching historical and other prints." JAMES JERVEY, District Clerk, BOUND LCT RAMSAY'S UNIVERSAL HISTORY. ENGLAND. ENGLAND, derives its name from the Angles, one of the most powerful of the Saxon nations by whom it was conquered. Its ancient names were Britannia and Albion. It is situated between 50° and 56° north latitude; and extends in length, from south to north, about 400, and in breadth, from east to west, about 350 miles. Its area is computed at 49,450 square miles, and the population, being estimated at 8,400,000, gives the number of 169 inhabitants to a square mile. The face of the country is, in general, variegated and beautiful. In some parts verdant plains, extending as far as the eye can reach, covered with numerous flocks and herds, exhibit a scene of rural opulence; in others, gently swelling hills and bending vales, fertile in corn or waving with wood, regale the eye with delightful landscapes. There are several mountains in England, but none of them remarkable for their height. Wales is a mountainous country. The rivers of England are numerous, but the principal are the Thames, the Severn, and the Humber; which contribute exceedingly to its inland navigation and commerce. Canals, which serve as a substitute for rivers, are interesting, not only to the geographer and trader, but also to the philosopher and statesman: as they contribute in no small degree, to mark the genius of a nation, and its progress in science. The first canal made in England, expressly for the purpose of inland navigation, is that of Sankey; cut, in order to convey coals from the pits at St. Helen's to Liverpool, for which the act of Parliament was procured A. D. 1753. So recent is the date of this great plan of national improvement. The Duke of Bridgewater was the founder of inland navigation in Britain. His opulence and enterprising spirit, in conjunction with the consummate genius of Brindley, carried into successful execution, designs, which, although of the greatest national importance, had never before been attempted. His first canal, which was intended for the purpose of conveying coal from his pits to Manchester, commences near Worsley Mills, about seven miles from that town. This canal runs through a hill, by a subterraneous passage, (sufficiently large for the admission of long flat-bottomed boats) a distance of three quarters of a mile under ground. The whole length of the navigation is nine miles, before they reach Manchester. The canal is conveyed across the river Irwel by an aqueduct, which rises thirty-nine feet above its bed, and is upwards of six hundred feet in length. The whole expense of this stupendous work, in the comparative cheap state of labour and provisions about the middle of the 18th century, was only computed at a thousand guineas per mile. The junction of the four principal ports of the kingdom, London, Bristol, Liverpool, and Hull, by an inland navigation, was the grand design of Brindley. A communication was accordingly opened between Liverpool and Hull, by a canal from the Trent to the Mersey. The canal, which connects these two rivers, is ninety-nine miles in length, and is styled the grand trunk; it was begun A. D. 1766, but was not com. pleted until A. D. 1777. In some places it was attended with great difficulties; being carried over the river Dove by an aqueduct of twenty-three arches, and through the hill of Hare-castle by a tunnel of 2880 yards in length, and more than seventy yards below the surface of the ground. This work was executed with great labour and expense; but its utility corresponds with the grandeur of the design. Many of the natural productions of those countries, through which the canal passes, had, by reason of the heavy expenses of land |