985

BUR

of Elizabeth, 429; urges Elizabeth to
assist the Scotch Protestants, 433;
becomes Lord Burghley and discovers
the Ridolfi plot, 445; death of, 480
Burgos, siege of, 869

Burgoyne, General, capitulates at Sara-
toga, 786

Burgundians, party of the, opposed to
the Armagnacs, 296, 299; are friendly
to Henry V., 301

Burgundy, Charles the Rash, Duke of,
marries the sister of Edward IV., 332;
policy of, 336; is slain at Nancy, ib.
Burgundy, John the Fearless, Duke of,
has the Duke of Orleans murdered,
296; allies himself with Henry V., 301;
holds aloof in the campaign of Agin-
court, 302; makes war upon the Armag-
nacs, 303; murder of, 305
Burgundy, Philip the Good, Duke of,
joins the English against the Dauphin,
306; allies himself with the Duke of
Bedford, 307; forms a league with
Charles VII., 313; inherits territories
in the Netherlands, ib.

Burhs erected by Eadward the Elder, 62
Burke, Edmund, enters Parliament,
772; his views on American taxation,
773; opposes parliamentary reform,
777: argues against taxing America,
780; his speech on economical reform,
789 passes a bill for economical re-
form, 795; the author of the India
Bill of the Coalition, 806; his part in
the impeachment of Hastings, 811:
publishes Reflections on the French
Revolution, 822

Burley, Sir Simon, executed, 280
Burnet, Gilbert, his conversation with
William of Orange, 645
Burns, poetry and opinions of, 887
Burton, sentenced by the Star Chamber,

521

Bury St. Edmunds, foundation of the
monastery at, 58; death of Svend at,
82; meeting of barons at, 181
Busaco, combat at, 867

Bute, Earl of, becomes Prime Minister,
766; resignation of, 768
Butler, author of Hudibras, 597
Butler, Bishop, writes The Analogy, 745
Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell, pleads for
the abolition of slavery, 910
Byng, Admiral, fails to relieve Minorca,
749: shot, 750

Byng, Sir George, defeats a Spanish
fleet, off Cape Passaro, 709
Byron, Lord, poetry and death of, 888

CABINET, the, its origin, 660; develop-

ment of, 687; strengthened by the
withdrawal of George I. from, 704
Cabul, taken by the British, 949; re-
treat of the British from, 950; Pol-
lock retakes, ib.

Cade, Jack, rebellion of, 322

CAN

Cadiz, capture of, 464; Cecil's expedi
tion to, 503

Cadmon, poetry of, 52

Cadwalla, allied with Penda, 46; is
defeated by Oswald, 47

Caen, burial of William I. at, 114;
stormed by Henry V., 303

Caerleon upon Usk, see Isca Silurum
Cæsar, Gaius Julius, makes war in
Gaul and Germany, 10; twice invades
Britain, 11

Caint, the, occupied by the Cantii, 8
Calais taken by Edward III., 243;

besieged by the Duke of Burgundy,
313; loss of, 427; Elizabeth's hope of
regaining, 436; the Armada takes re-
fuge in, 462; Cromwell's anxiety to
recover, 571

Calcutta, grows up round Fort William,
758; the Black Hole of, 762

Calder, Sir Robert, defeats a French
fleet, 856

Caledonians, the, wars of Agricola with,
16

Calvin, his work at Geneva, 430
Calvinism influences Elizabethan Pro-
testantism, 430

Cambrai, league of, 363; treaty of, 383
Cambridge, the Earl of, execution of, 301
Camden, Lord, dismissed, 776; see Pratt,
Chief Justice

Campbell, Sir Colin, suppresses the
Indian mutiny and becomes Lord
Clyde, 954

Campeggio, Cardinal, appointed legate
to hear the divorce case of Henry
VIII., 382

Camperdown, battle of, 837
Campion lands in England, 453; execu.
tion of, 454.

Campo Formio, peace of, 837
Camulodunum, Cunobelin's headquarters
at, 12; Roman colony of, 13; captured
by Boadicea, 15

Canada, possessed by France, 747; plan
of Pitt for the conquest of, 753; con-
quest of, 756; abandonment of the
French claim to, 766; failure of the
Americans to overrun, 784; discon-
tent in, 914; union between the pro-
vinces of, 916; enters into a federa
tion called the Dominion of Canada,
967
Canning, enters Portland's Ministry,
857; sends a fleet to fetch the Danish
ships from Copenhagen, 860; fights
a duel with Castlereagh and resigns
office, 865; succeeds Castlereagh as
Foreign Secretary, 882; acknowledges
the independence of the Spanish
colonies in America, 883; sends troops
secure Portugal, 884; becomes
Prime Minister, 892; death of, ib.
Canning, Lord, Governor-General of
India, 952

to

Canningites, the, take office under
Wellington. 893; resignation of, 895;
join L rd Grey's Ministry, 901

CAN

the

Cannon, first use of, 242
Canrobert, Marshal, commands
French army in the Crimea, 946
Canterbury, Æthelberht's residence at,
38; Augustine preaches at, 39; founda-
tion of the archbishopric of, 40; murder
of Archbishop Thomas at, 150; Henry
II. does penance at, 153; architecture
of the choir of, 171; disputed election
of the Archbishop of, 177
Canterbury Tales, the, 270
Cape Breton ceded by France, 766
Cape of Good Hope, first conquest of,
837; second conquest of, 858
Caractacus, defeat and flight of, 13;
capture of, 14

Carausius claims to be emperor, 22
Carberry Hill, Mary's surrender at, 439
Cardinal College founded by Wolsey,
377, 383; see Christchurch
Carham, battle of, 84

Carisbrooke Castle, detention of Charles
I. in, 556

Carlisle fortified by William II., 119
Carlyle, his Sartor Resartus, 941
Carnarvon, Edward I. builds a castle at,

210

Carolina, colonisation of, 629

Caroline, Queen (wife of George II.),

her influence over her husband, 720;
death of, 725

Caroline, Queen (wife of George IV.),
separated from her husband, 881;
failure of a bill for dissolving the
marriage of, 882

Carriages and carts, 273
Carteret, Lord, his rivalry with Walpole,

718; foreign policy of, 732; wishes
to combine Frederick the Great and
Maria Theresa against France, 736;
attempts to revive the policy of the
Whigs of Anne's reign, 737 causes of
his weaknesses, 738; his fall, 739
Cartwright advocates the Presbyterian
system, 446

Cartwright, invents the power loom, 816
Carucage substituted for Danegeld, 162
Cash payments, suspension of, 835; re-
sumption of, 879
Cashel, synod at, 152
Casket letters, the, 440
Cassel, battle of, 235

Cassiterides, the geographical position
of, 8

Cassivelaunus, resistance to Cæsar by, 11
Castile, intervention of the Black Prince

in, 255; united with Aragon, 349
Castlebar, the race of, 841
Castlemaine, Lady, uses her influence
against Clarendon, 594

Castlereagh, Lord, secures a majority
for the Irish Union 842; enters Port-
land's ministry, 857; sends an expedi-
tion against Antwerp, 865; fights a
duel with Canning, and resigns office,
ib.; is Foreign Secretary in Liverpool's
Ministry, 877; protests against Met-
ternich's policy, 882; suicide of, ib,

CHA

Catalonia, espouses the cause of the
Archduke Charles, 684; abandoned to
Philip V., 696

Câteau Cambresis, peace of, 431
Catesby plans Gunpowder Plot, 483
Catharine of Aragon, marriage of, 363:
Henry VIII. grows tired of, 379;
divorce suit against, 382; is divorced,
389; the sentence of Clement VII. in
favour of, 390; death of, 395

Catharine of Braganza marries Charles
II., 587

Catherine of Aragon married to Prince
Arthur, 356; marriages proposed for,

357
Catherine of France marries Henry V.,
306; marries Owen Tudor, 335
Catherine de Medicis, widow of Henry
II., king of France, becomes regent,
433; takes part in the massacre of St.
Bartholomew, 449

Catherine Howard, marriage and execu
tion of, 401

Catherine Parr, marriage of, 401
Catholic Association, the, Act for the
dissolution of, 895

Catholic emancipation, proposed by Pitt,
842; attitude of parties towards, 895;
passing of an Act for, 896
Catholics, Roman, laws directed against,
453, 454; their position at the end of
Elizabeth's reign, 475; increased per
secution of, after Gunpowder Plot,
483; negotiation between James I.
and Spain for the relief of, 488;
tendency of Charles II. to support,
584; declaration for the toleration of,
issued by Charles II., 587; perse
cuted about the Popish Plot, 616;
efforts of James II. in favour of, 634,
638, 640

Cato Street Conspiracy, the, 881
Cattle-breeding, improvements in, 813
Catuvellauni, the, position of, 9: at-

tacked by Cæsar, 11; subsequent
history of, 12

Cavour, his negotiation with Napoleon
III., 956

Cawnpore, besieged by Nana Sahib,
953; massacre at, ib.

Caxton, William, establishes a printing.
press at Westminster, 358
Ceawlin overruns the Severn Valley,
35; defeated at Wanborough, 36
Cecil, Sir Edward, commands the Cadiz
expedition, 503.

Celibacy of the clergy, early opinion in

favour of, 65; inculcated at Cluny, 67
Celtic Christianity, influence of, 47, 49.
Celts, the, succeed the Iberians in
Western Europe, 5; are divided into
two stocks, 7; know their conquerors
as Saxons, 29.

Ceorls, distinguished from Eorls, 29; are
the tillers of the soil, 30

Chancellor, the official position of, 127;
becomes a judge, 260

Chancery, Court of, proposal of the Bare-

CHA

bone's Parliament to suppress, 567:
reformed by Cromwell, 569; nature of
the decisions of, 605

Chantries, Act for the dissolution of,
412; their income vested in the king,

415
Charles, the Archduke, styles himsel

Charles III. King of Spain, 682; his
cause espoused by Catalonia, 684;
enters Madrid, 692; succeeds to his
brother's hereditary dominions, 692;
elected Emperor, 695; see Charles
VI. Emperor

Charles the Great, Emperor, 55, 63
Charles the Simple, king of the West
Franks, 63; cedes Normandy to Hrolf,

80

Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria, claims

part of the dominions left to Maria
Theresa, 732; elected Emperor, as
Charles VII., 734.

Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, at-
tempts to drive the Austrians out of
Italy, 934; defeat and abdication of, 936
Charles Edward, see Pretender, the
Young

Charles Martel defeats the Mohamme
dans, 54

Charles I., intention of the Gunpowder
plotters to blow up, 483; proposals of
marriage for, 488; visits Spain, 497;
is eager for war with Spain, 500;
negotiation for marriage with Henri-
etta Maria, 501; becomes king and
marries Henrietta Maria, 502; ad-
journs his first parliament to Oxford,
ib.; dissolves his first parliament and
sends out the Cadiz expedition, 503;
meets his second Parliament, ib.; dis-
solves his second Parliament, 505;
orders the collection of a forced loan,
506; meets his third Parliament, 508;
consents to the Petition of Right, 509;
claims a right to levy Tonnage and
Poundage, 510; issues a declaration on
the Articles, 512; dissolves his third
Parliament, 513; his personal govern-
ment, 514; levies knighthood fines,
515; insists on the reading of the
Declaration of Sports, 517; levies
fines for encroaching on forests, 523;
levies ship-money, ib.; imposes a new
prayer-book on Scotland, 525: leads
an army against the Scots, 526; con-
sults Wentworth, 527; makes Went-
worth Earl of Strafford, and summons
the Short Parliament, 528; dissolves
the Short Parliament, marches again
against the Scots, and summons the
Long Parliament, 529; assents to the
Triennial Act, 530; signs a commis-
sion for Strafford's execution, 531;
visits Scotland, 532; returns to Eng-
land, 534; rejects the Grand Remon-
strance, 535; attempts to arrest the
five members, 536; fights at Edgehill,
537; his plan of campaign, ib.; be-
sieges Gloucester, and fights at New-

CHA

987

bury, 539; looks to Ireland for help,
541; sends Rupert to relieve York,
543; compels Essex's infantry to sur-
render at Lostwithiel, and fights again
at Newbury, 544 is defeated at
Naseby, 548; attempts to join Mont-
rose, 549; sends Glamorgan to Ireland,
ib.; gives himself up to the Scots,
551; negotiates at Newcastle, ib. ; ex-
plains his plans to the Queen, 552;
conveyed to Holmby House, 553; con.
ducted by Joyce to Newmarket, 555;
attempt of Cromwell to come to an
understanding with, 555; takes refuge
in the Isle of Wight, and enters into
the Engagement with the Scots, 556;
removed to Hurst Castle, 557; trial
of, 559 execution of, 560

Charles II., as Prince of Wales, pos-
sesses himself of part of the fleet, 557;
lands in Scotland, 563; escapes to
France, 564; offers a reward for Crom-
well's murder, 569; issues the declara-
tion of Breda, 576; restoration of,
578; confirms Magna Carta, ib. ; cha
racter of, 579; leaves the government
to Hyde, 580; revenue voted to, 582;
approves a scheme of modified episco-
pacy, 583; keeps a small armed force,
584; retains three regiments on paying
off the army, ib.; profligacy of the
court of, 586; issues a declaration in
favour of toleration, 587; marriage of,
and sale of Dunkirk by, ib.; dismisses
Clarendon, 594; favours the Roman
Catholics, 598; thinks of tolerating
dissenters, and supports Buckingham
and Arlington, 599; agrees to the
treaty of Dover, 600; supports the
Cabal, 602; extravagance of, 603;
issues a Declaration of Indulgence,
604; goes to war with the Dutch,
605; withdraws the Declaration of
Indulgence, 606; assents to the Test
Act, 607; dismisses Shaftesbury and
makes peace with the Dutch, 608;
supports Danby, 610; receives a pen-
sion from Louis XIV., 611; is inte-
rested in commerce, 612; refuses to
make war on France, 613; threatens
France with war, 614; dissolves the
Cavalier Parliament, 616; dissolves
the first Short Parliament, 617; sup-
ports his brother's claim to the crown,
against Shaftesbury, 618; prorogues
the second Short Parliament, 619;
dismisses Shaftesbury, 620; dissolves
the second and third Short Parlia-
ments, 621; plot to murder, 625;
death of, 627; constitutional progress
in the reign of, ib.

Charles II., king of Spain, bad health
of, 592; death of, 671
Charles III., king of Spain, renews the
Family Compact, 766

Charles IV., king of France, death of, 232
Charles IV., king of Spain, his rela-
tions with his son, 862; dethroned, 863

CHA

Charles V., Emperor, as king of Spain
becomes the rival of Francis I., 366;
vast inheritance of, 369; is chosen
emperor, ib. goes to war with France,
371; captures Francis I. at Pavia,
372; liberates Francis I., 374: allies
himself with Henry VIII., 405; makes
peace with France at Crêpy, 406; de-
fends Mary's mass, 417; abdication
of, 426

Charles V., king of France, opposes the
English in Spain, 255; summons the
Black Prince to Paris, 256; renews
the war against the English, ib.; avoids
a battle, 257

Charles VI., Emperor, dies after leaving
his dominions to Maria Theresa, 732
Charles VI., king of France, defeats the
Flemings, 278; allies himself with
Richard II., 282; loses his senses, 295;
disinherits the Dauphin, 306; dies, 307
Charles VII., king of France, as Dau-
phin, falls into the hands of the Armag-
nacs, 303; is present at the murder of
John, Duke of Burgundy, 305; is dis-
inherited, 306; claims to succeed to
the crown at his father's death, 307;
his weakness, 309; is helped by the
Maid of Orleans, 310; is crowned, 311;
consents to a truce, 317; renews the
war, 320

Charles VIII., king of France, succeeds
to the crown, 348; invades Italy, 352;
death of, 354.

Charles IX., king of France, accession
of, 433; takes part in the massacre of
St. Bartholomew, 449; death of, 450
Charles X., king of France, overthrow
of, 898

Charlotte, Princess, death of, 881
Charterhouse, the persecution of the
monks of, 393

Chartists, the, demands of, 923 ; violence
of, 924; meet on Kennington Common
to present a monster petition, 935
Château Gaillard built by Richard I.,
165; lost by John, 354
Chatham, Earl of, Prime Minister, 773;
illness of, ib. ; recovers his health, and
takes up the cause of Wilkes, 776;
resigns office, 774; declares for Par-
liamentary reform, 777; death of, 787;
see Ritt, William (the elder)
Chaucer, Geoffrey, his Canterbury
Tales, 270; influences of the Renas-
cence on, 367

Cherbourg, expedition against, 753
Cheriton, battle of, 542

Chester (see Deva) submits to William

Churchill, Lord, see Marlborough, Duke
of
Cinque Ports, the, 218

Cintra, convention of, 864
Cirencester, see Corinium

Cistercians, the, introduced into Eng-
land, 129; decline of asceticism
amongst, 167; are fined by John, 179
City of the violated treaty, the, 657
Ciudad Rodrigo, siege of, 869
Clare, Gilbert de, see Gloucester, Earl of
Clare, Richard de, see Strongbow
Clare, Richard de, see Gloucester, Earl
of
Clarence, George, Duke of, brother of
Edward IV., created a duke, 329;
marries Warwick's daughter, and quar-
rels with Edward IV., 332; put to
death, 336

Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, sent to Ire
land 265

Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, brother of
Henry IV., killed at Baugé, 306
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first Earl of,
as Edward Hyde is one of the leaders
of the Anti-Presbyterian party in the
Long Parliament, 533; becomes Lord
Chancellor after the Restoration, 580:
character of, ib.; created Earl of
Clarendon, 587 is falsely supposed to
be bribed, ib.; fall of, 594; escapes to
France, 595

Clarendon, Henry Hyde, second Earl of,
recalled from Ireland, 640

Clarendon, the Constitutions of, 144; the
assize of, 146

Clarkson, publishes evidence against the
slave trade, 823

Claudius, the Emperor, plans the con-
quest of Britain, 13

Claverhouse, see Graham, John
Clement VII., Pope, forms an Italian
league against Charles V., 374; ap-
points legates to try the divorce suit
of Henry VIII., 382; revokes the
cause to Rome, 383; gives sentence
in favour of Catharine, 390

Clergy, the, see Ecclesiastical Courts,
England, Church of

Clergy, the country, 633

Clericis Laicos, the Bull named, 220
Clifford, Lord, stabs the Earl of Rutland,
328

Clifford, Thomas, Lord, a member of
the Cabal, 602; probable suggester of

989

CLI

the Stop of the Exchequer, 604; resig-
nation of, 607

Clinton, Sir Henry, fails to co-operate
with Burgoyne, 786; takes Charleston,
788
Clive, Robert, his career in Northern

India, 761; subjugates Bengal, 762;
is astonished at his own moderation,
764; his return to England and second
visit to Bengal, 801

Clontarf, repealers prohibited from meet-
ing at, 928

Closterseven, the Convention of, 752
Cluny, clerical celibacy inculcated at, 67;
reforms originated at, 107

Cnut, reign of, 83-85

Coaches, improvement in, 633
Coalition Ministry, the, of Fox and
North, 800; of Pitt and the Whigs,
828; of the Whigs and Peelites,

943

Cobbett, pamphlets of, 879

Cobden, a leader of the Anti-Corn-Law
League, 924; opposes a war with China,
955; suggests a commercial treaty with
France, 958
Cobham, Eleanor, mistress and wife of
the Duke of Gloucester, 315; does pen-
ance for witchcraft, 316
Coffee-houses, introduction of, 630
Coinage debased by Henry VIII., 409;
further debased by Somerset, 416
Coke, Sir Edward, takes part in drawing
up the Petition of Right, 508
Colchester, execution of the Abbot of,
400; reduced by Fairfax, 567
Colet promotes the study of Greek, and
founds St. Paul's School, 367
Coligny, murder of. 449

College invents the Protestant flail, 615;
condemned to death, 622

Colleges, first foundation of, at Oxford,

COM

Commons, the House of (see Parlia-
ment), finally separated from the
Lords, 243; struggle of, against unpar-
liamentary taxation, 244; importance
of the constitution of, 245; supported
by the Black Prince, 261; influence
over the elections of, 281; proposes to
confiscate Church property, 294; ad
dressed by Edward IV., 229: Wolsey's
appearance in, 371; made use of by
Thomas Cromwell and Henry VIII.,
389; Elizabeth's relations with, 444:
Puritanism of, 445; growing strength
of, 468; its tendencies to Puritanism
rather than to Presbyterianism, 470;
attack on monopolies by, 478; quar-
rels with James I., 482; anxious to
go to war for the Palatinate, 490;
votes a small supply, 491: brings
charges against Bacon, 495 is eager
for war with Spain, 500; refuses sup-
plies to Charles I., unless spent by
counsellors in whom it confides, 502;
impeaches Buckingham, 504, 505;
insists on the Petition of Right, 508;
claims Tonnage and Poundage, 510;
religious ideas prevailing in, 511; its
breach with the king, 513; violent
scene before the dissolution of, 514;
formation of parties in, 532; scene in,
at the passing of the Grand Remon-
strance, 534; Presbyterian majority in,
546 new elections to, 551; a mob in
possession of, 555; the Agitators pro-
pose to purge, 556; Pride's purge of,
557; declares itself supreme, ib.; con-
stitutes a high court of justice, 558; dis-
solved by Cromwell, 566; inquires into
the expenditure of the crown, and im-
peaches Clarendon, 594: impeaches
Danby, 616; the Exclusion Bill in,
617, 621; Tory majority in, 636;
James II. attempts to pack, 641; dis-
cusses the abdication of James II.,
646; attacks the Irish grants of
William III, 670; imprisons the
bearers of the Kentish Petition, 675;
Walpole's determination to rely on,
710; corruption in, 714; establishment
of the freedom of reporting the de-
bates of, 779.

Commonwealth, the, establishment of,
561
Communion table, Laud's wish to fix
at the east end, 517; decision of the
Privy Council on the position of, 519:
removed by the soldiers, 529
Comprehension favoured by some of the
clergy, 598; attempt of Charles II. to
establish, 599

Comprehension Bill, the, is not passed,
651

Compton, Bishop of London, refuses to
suspend Dr. Sharp, 639

Compton, Sir Spencer, thought of as
Walpole's successor, 720: succeeds
Walpole and becomes Earl of Wil-
mington, 731