Ellenborough, Lord, sends Sir Charles Napier to conquer Sindh, 950 Elmet conquered by Eadwine, 43 Emma marries Ethelred, 81,
Empire, the Western, revived by Charles the Great, 55
Empson and Dudley, exactions of, 357; execution of, 363
Encumbered Estates Act, the, 934 Engagement, the, between Charles I. and the Scottish Commissioners, 556 England, early social and political insti- tutions of, 29-32; contrasted with Gaul, 37; commerce with Gaul re- newed by, 38; Christianity introduced into, 39: growing power of three kingdoms in, 41; character of the later conquests in, 44; political changes in, 45: spread of Christianity in, 49; in- fluence of Church Councils on the political unity of, 52; Ecgberht's over- lordship in, 55; attacks of the North- men and Danes on, 56; its condition under Ælfred, 60; its relations with Scotland, 63, 68; development of the institutions of, 69; Danish conquest of, 79-83; Norman conquest of, 96-103; Norman constitution of, 113; civil war in, 134; pacification of, 137; adminis trative reforms of Henry II. in, 140; made tributary to the Papacy, 180: military reforms in, 154; effect of the reign of Henry II. on, 158; constitu tional result of the administration of Hubert Walter in, 163; growth of learning in, 167; growth of commerce in, 168; architectural changes in, 170; the Barons' Wars in, 200-203; archi- tectural and literary growth in, 206, 207; complete national unity of, 208; completion of the Parliamentary con stitution of, 218, 220, 228, 243; relieved of tribute to the Papacy, 258; social and moral condition of, during the Wars of the Roses, 330
England, the Church of, Wilfrid's in- fluence on, 50; parochial organisation of, ib.; its close connection with the State, 52; councils of, ib.; organisation of, after the Norman Conquest, 106 : its relations with Stephen, 134; and with Henry II., 149; result of the Angevin reigns on, 166; Papal exac- tions resisted by, 194; payments ex- acted from, 197; temporary Parlia mentary representation of the clergy of, 219; taxation resisted by the clergy of, 220; social condition of, 236; supports Henry IV., 291; members of noble families in the episcopate of, ib.; procures a statute for burning here. tics, 292; proposal to confiscate the property of, 294: relations of Henry VIII. with, 377; dealings of Henry VIII. with, 386; the clergy acknow ledge the king supreme head of, 386; becomes more national, 391; Parlia ment acknowledges the king to be
supreme head of, 393 Cranmer's position in, 413; ecclesiastical changes in, 414 issue of the first Prayer Book of Edward VI. for, 415; Zwinglian teaching in, 416; issue of the second Prayer Book of Edward VI. for, 418; reconciled to the see of Rome, 424: Elizabeth's settlement of, 429; position of, during Parker's archbishopric, 430; Presbyterian movement in, 446; Pres- byterianism adopted by the Assembly of Divines for, 543; restoration of episcopacy in, 583; proposal to esta blish a modified episcopacy in, ib.; promise of James II. to protect, 634 English, the, origin of the name of, 28; nature of their conquest of Britain, 29; village settlements of, ib.; division of ranks among, ib.; effect of the con- quest of Britain on the language of, 31; early political organisation of, ib.; early judicial system of, 32; position of, under William I., 104; support William II., 115; support Henry I., 124; cease to be distinguished from Normans, 155; reappearance of their language in literature, 207; predomi nance of their language, 258 Eorls, distinguished from Ceorls, 29; their relation to Gesiths, 30 Erse, a Goidelic language, 7 Eskimos, compared with paleolithic
Essay on Woman, 770
Essex, Arthur Capel, Earl of, suicide of, 625
Essex, Frances, Countess of, divorce and remarriage of, 486
Essex, Robert Devereux, second Earl of, joins in the capture of Cadiz, 464: sent to Ireland, 475; placed in confine- ment on his return, 476; insurrection of, 477: trial and execution of, 478 Essex, Robert Devereux, third Earl of, divorce of, 486; appointed general of the Parliamentary army, 537; com. mands at Edgehill, ib. ; takes Reading, 538; relieves Gloucester and commands at the first battle of Newbury, 539; escapes from Lostwithiel, 544; resigns,
Essex, Saxon settlement in, 28; is de pendent on Kent, and accepts Chris- tianity, 40; relapses into heathenism, 41; comparative weakness of, ib. Eugene, Prince, fights in Italy, 680; combines with Marlborough at Blen- heim, 682; raises the siege of Turin, 684; attacks Toulon, 689: combines with Marlborough at Malplaquet, 690; recalled by the Archduke Charles, 695; defeated at Denain, 696 Eustace, Count of Boulogne, visits Eadward the Confessor, 87 Eustace, son of Stephen, death of, 137 Evesham, battle of, 203
Exchequer, the, organised by Roger of Salisbury, 127; disorganised under
FACTORY ACT, the first, 911; extension of the, 927
Factory system, the, 876 Faddiley, battle of, 35
Fairfax, Ferdinando, second Lord, defeated at Adwalton Moor, 538 Fairfax, Thomas, third Lord Fairfax, as Sir Thomas Fairfax, is defeated at Adwalton Moor, 538; wins a victory at Nantwich, 542; appointed General of the New Model army, 545; lieves Taunton, 547; commands at Naseby, 548; follows up his successes, 548, 549; reduces the king's army in Cornwall, 550; proposed as mander of the forces retained after the disbandment of the army, 553; as Lord Fairfax, puts down the rising in Kent and takes Colchester, 557; absents himself from the High Court of Justice, 559; refuses to command in the war against Charles II., 563; joins Monk, 576
Falaise, Treaty of, 154; abandoned by Richard I., 159
Falkirk, Wallace defeated at, 222 Falkland, Lucius Cary, Viscount, one of the leaders of the anti-Presbyterian party in the Long Parliament, 533; death of, 539
Family Compact, the, signature of, 725;
renewal of, 737; second renewal of, 766 Faukes de Breauté, banishment of, 187 Fawkes, Guy, takes part in the Gun- powder Plot, 483
Felton, John, affixes the Pope's ex- communication to the door of the Bishop of London's house, 442 Felton, John, murders the Duke of Buckingham, 510
Ferdinand I., Emperor, inherits the German territories of Charles V., 426 Ferdinand II., Emperor, loses and re- gains the crown of Bohemia, 490 Ferdinand V., king of Aragon, marries Isabella of Castile, 349; Italian wars of, 363; conquers Navarre, 364; death of, 366
Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, restored to power by a French army, 882
Ferdinand of Brunswick, Prince com- mands in Hanover, 752; defeats the French at Minden, 756
Ferry Bridge, skirmish at, 429 Feudal dues, bargain offered by James I. for, 484; abolition of, 582 Feudality, early forms of, 81; after the Norman Conquest, 104; organised by William I., 113; Flambard's further organisation of, 116; ideas of Edward I. on, 214
Field of the Cloth of Gold, the, 369 Fielding, writes Tom Jones, 746 Fifth-Monarchy men, 567; Cromwell, 569
Finchley, the march to, 740 Fire of London, the, 592
First of June, battle of the, 828 Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, opposes the divorce of Henry VIII., 382; sent to the Tower, 392; execution of, 394 Fitzgerald, Flogging, 840
Fitzmaurice, Sir James, lands in Ireland,
Fitz-Osbern, William, oppresses the English, 102
Fitzwilliam, Earl, enters Pitt's cabinet, 828; his mission to Ireland, 832 Five Articles of Perth, the, 525 Five Boroughs, the, 62
Five Knights' case, the, 507
Five Members, the, 535; brought back to Westminster, 536
Five Mile Act, the, 590
Flambard, Ranulf, tyranny of, 116; im- prisonment of, 122; escapes, 124 Flamsteed, astronomer, 632 Flanders, commercial intercourse with, 211; Edward I. in, 221; alliance of Edward III. with, 235; falls under the control of France, 278 Fleetwood named General by the army,
Flemings emigrate to Wales, 128; in- troduced as weavers by Edward III., 236
Fleurus, Luxembourg's victory at, 657 Fleury, Cardinal, ministry of, 718 Flodden, battle of, 364
Florida, ceded by Spain to England, 766; restored to Spain, 798 Folk-moot, functions of the, 33 Fontenoy, battle of, 739 Forest, Friar, burnt, 398
Forests, the, fines for encroaching on,
523; the king's claims on, limited, 531 Forster, introduces a new system of education, 964; introduces a bill for the use of the ballot, 966; Irish policy of, 971; resignation of, tb.
Fort Duquesne, built by the French, 748; taken by the British, 753 Fort St. George built,758
Fort William built by East India Com- pany, 758
Fotheringhay, execution of Mary Stuart at, 458
Fountains Abbey, 129
Fox, Charles James, supports Parlia mentary reform, 789; character of, 790; refuses to serve under Melbourne, 798; coalesces with North, 800; sup- ports Pitt's motion on Parliamentary reform, 801; brings forward an India Bill, 806; his martyrs,' 808; his con- duct in the debates on the Regency Bill, 811; sympathises with the revo- lutionists in France, 822; continues in opposition, 828; excluded from Pitt's second ministry, 848; Secretary of State in the ministry of All the Talents, 855: death of, ib.
Fox, Henry, becomes leader of the House of Commons, 747 : resigns office, 749; accepts a lucrative ap- pointment, 751
Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, minister of Henry VII. and Henry VIII., 363
France, social condition of, 235; miser- able state of, 251, 252; friendship of Richard II. with, 282; reign of Louis XII. in, 363: attack of Henry VIII. on, 364 in alliance with England, 366; invaded by Henry VIII., 37!; peace with, 374; Mary at war with, 426; recovery of Calais by, 427; civil wars in, 436-443; Philip II. supports the League in, 464; allied with James I., 501; Charles I. breaks with, 506; Charles I. makes peace with, 514; allied with Cromwell against Spain, 572; Danby's policy directed against, 610; war of William III. with, 657 peace made at Ryswick with, 667; grand alliance formed against, 675: war conducted by Marlborough against, 678; decline in the military power of, 682; peace made at Utrecht with, 696; pacific policy of the Whigs towards, 707; recovery of military strength by, 725 takes part in the war of the Austrian succession, 733; peace of Aix-la-Chapelle with, 743; her posses. sions in North America, 747; embarks on the Seven Years' War, 749; peace with, 766; secretly assists the Ameri- cans, 786; openly allies herself with America, 787; her navy master of the sea, 788; her fleet compels the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, 794; makes peace with Great Britain, 798; commercial treaty with, 810; antecedents of the revolution in, 820; calling of the States-General in, 821; progress of the revolution in, ib.; rise of a warlike feeling in, 824 declares war against Austria and Prussia, 824; establishment of a republic in, 825; victorious in the Austrian Netherlands, ib.; at war with England and the Dutch republic, 826; Reign of Terror in, ib. ; end of the Reign of Terror in, ib. ; makes peace with Prussia and Spain, 829; establishment of the Directory in,
830; Malmesbury sent to negotiate a peace in, 834; establishment of the Consulate in, 839; Treaty of Amiens with, 846; renewed war with, 848; establishment of the Empire in, 850; restoration of Louis XVIII. in, 871; restoration of Napoleon in, 874; second restoration of Louis XVIII. in, 875: establishment of Louis Philippe in, 893; supports Mehemet Ali, 922; the entente cordiale with, 927; establish- ment of the second Republic in, 934: Louis Napoleon President of the Re- public in, 955; commercial treaty with, 959; German invasion of, 964; third Republic established in, ib.
Francis I., king of France, his rivalry with Charles V., 366-369; meets Henry VIII. on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 369; goes to war with Charles V. about Milan, 371; captured at Pavia, 372; liberated, 374
Francis II., king of France, married as Dauphin to Mary Queen of Scots, 413; accession and death of, 433 Francis II., king of Hungary, after- wards emperor, at war with France, 824
Francis of Assisi, St., 190
Francis, Philip, the probable author of Junius, 775; his opposition to Hast- ings, 803
Franciscans, the, constitution of, 190 arrive in England, 191 Frederick I., Barbarossa, Emperor, sup- ports an anti-pope, 145 Frederick II., Emperor, excommunica- tion of, 194; death of, 195 Frederick II., king of Prussia, claims Silesia, 733; defeats the Austrians at Mollwitz, 734; obtains the cession of Silesia, 735 enters on the second Silesian war, 737; fights in Saxony and Bohemia, 752; defeats the French at Rossbach and the Austrians at Leuthen, ib.; fights at Zorndorf and Hochkirch, 753: continues the struggle, 756; complains that England has abandoned him, and makes peace at Hubertsburg, 767
Frederick V., Elector Palatine, marries Elizabeth, daughter of James I., 488; elected King of Bohemia, 490; driven out of Bohemia, ib.; diplomatic efforts of James I., in favour of, 496; loses the Palatinate, 497
Frederick, Prince of Wales, quarrels with his father and puts himself at the head of the opposition, 725 Free-trade, Adam Smith promulgates the doctrine of, 810; Pitt's measures in support of, ib.; steps taken by Huskisson and Robinson in the direc- tion of, 886
Freemen, gradual disappearance of, 69 French, the, Dukes of, 63; Hugh Capet king of, So
French Revolution, the; see France
Friars, the, orders of, 190; arrive in England, 191
Friedland, battle of, 858 Frith burnt, 90
Frobisher holds a command against the Armada, 460
Fuentes d'Onoro, battle of, 869 Furniture, improvement of, in Eliza bethan houses, 465
Fyrd, the, a general army of the villagers, 30; Elfred reforms, 60; comparative disuse of, 69: retained after the Nor- man Conquest, 106; see Assize of Arms
GAELIC a Goidelic language, 7 Gage, General, sent as Governor of Massachusetts, 782; recalled, 784 Gainas, the, settlements of, 28 Gainsborough, origin of the name of, 28 Galway, County, Wentworth punishes the jury of, 528
Galway, Earl of, occupies Madrid, 684:
retreats to Valencia, 685; defeated at Almanza, 689; see Ruvigny, Marquis of Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, sent to Rome by Henry VIII., before he is a bishop, 382; opposes far her in- novations, 411; excluded from the Council, 412; sent to the Tower, 414; deprived of his see, 416; made Lord Chancellor by Mary, 421
Garter, the order of the, institution of, 246 Gascoigne, Chief Justice, 299
Gates, General, defeated at Camden, 788 Gaul, trade of Britain with, 8, 12; per-
sistency of Roman civilisation in, 37; renewal of trade with, 38
Gauls arrive in Britain, 8
Gaveston, Piers, favoured by Edward II., 224; execution of, 226
General warrants declared illegal, 769,
system at, 430
Gentry, the country, 633
Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, marries the Empress Matilda, 131; conquers Nor- mandy, 136
Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, Justiciar, 163 Geoffrey, son of Henry II., marries the
heiress of Brittany, 155; dies, 156 George I. proclaimed king, 701; places the Whigs in office, 702; effect of his withdrawal from cabinet meetings, 704 becomes unpopular, 705; dis- misses Townshend, 709; death of, 718 George II., accession of, 718; keeps Walpole in power, 719; supports Maria Theresa, 735; defeats the French at Dettingen, 737; laments the death of Henry Pelham, 746; in- sis.s on the execution of Byng, 750; death of, 764
George III., accession and aims of, 765; forces Pitt and Newcastle to resign, 766 puts himself at the head of the new Tory party, 767; his
method of governing, 768; his struggle with Grenville, 770; dismisses Rock- ingham, and places Chatham in office, 773; makes Lord North Prime Minis ter, 776; has public opinion on his side against the Americans, 777; resolves to put down resistance in Boston, 780; refuses to admit Chatham to office except as North's subordinate, 787; declares against dividing the empire, 787; attributes the dissipations of his eldest son to Fox, 800; obtains the re- jection of Fox's India Bill, 806; his relations with Pitt, 808; mental de- rangement of, 811; thanksgiving for the recovery of, 812; attacked by a mob, 830; protests against Catholic emancipation, 833: refuses his con- sent to Pitt's proposals on behalf of the Irish Catholics, 842; short mental derangement of, 843; abandons the title of King of France, 846; insists on the exclusion of Fox from Pitt's second ministry, 848: expels from office the ministry of All the Talents, 857; his remark on the bombardment of Copenhagen, 862; becomes per- manently insane, 868; death of, 880 George IV., accession of, 880; separated from his wife, 881; his interview with Goderich, 893; death of, 898
George, Prince of Wales (son of George III.), dissipated life of, 800; bill for conferring the regency on, 811; his misconduct towards his father, 812; becomes Regent, 868; becomes King, 880; see George IV.
George of Denmark, Prince, deserts James II., 645
Geraldine rebellion, the, 402
Gerard murders William of Orange, 456 Gerard and Vowel's plot, 569 German confederation, the, 873 German empire, foundation of a new, 964 Germany, attempt of the Frankfurt parliament to unite, 934: dissolution of the Frankfurt parliament in, 936: formation of a North German Confede- ration in, 963; goes to war with France, 964
Gesiths, the, personal devotion of, 30; their relation to the Ceorls, ib.; their name changed to that of Thegns, 31 Gewissas, the, combine with Jutes, 28; see West Saxons
Ghent, Jacob van Arteveldt at, 235; Philip van Arteveldt at, 278; pacifica- tion of, 450; peace of, 873
Gibraltar, surrenders to Sir G. Rooke, 682; assigned to England by the Treaty of Utrecht, 696; siege of, by the French and Spaniards, 798 Ginkell, General, commands in Ireland, 656
Giraldus Cambrensis, 167 'Give us our eleven days!' 744 Gladstone, as a minister under Peel, 926; becomes Chancellor of the
Exchequer in the Aberdeen ministry, 943; opposes a war with China, 955: Chancellor of the Exchequer in Palmerston's second ministry, 956; supports the commercial treaty with France, 958; becomes Prime Minister, 962; disestablishes the Protestant
Church of Ireland, ib.; passes an Irish Land Act, 963; abolishes pur- chase in the army, 964; foreign policy of the ministry of, 965; resignation of, 966; Prime Minister for the second time, 970; resignation of, 972 Glamorgan, Edward Herbert, Marquis of, his secret mission to Ireland, 549 Glanvile, Ranulf de, captures William the Lion, 154; writes the first English law-book, 167
Glasgow, the Assembly of, 526 Glastonbury, Dunstan, abbot of, 65; proceedings of Dunstan at, 106 Glastonbury, the Abbot of, executed,
Glencoe, massacre of, 654
Glendower, Owen, heads the Welsh, 293; decline of the power of, 296 Glevum (Gloucester), Saxon conquest of,
Gloucester, Duke of (brother of Edward IV.), see Richard III.
Gloucester, Duke of, Humphrey (brother of Henry V.), appointed Protector, 307; marries Jacqueline of Hainault, 308; quarrels with Cardinal Beaufort, 309, 314; his relations with Eleanor Cobham, 315; advocates a war policy, 317; death of, 318
Gloucester, Duke of (son of Queen Anne), death of, 671
Gloucester, Duke of, Thomas, son of Edward III., heads the opposition to Richard II., 279; driven from power, 280; murdered, 282
Gloucester, Earl of (Gilbert de Clare),
allies himself with Earl Simon, 200; becomes one of the three Electors, 201; joins Edward against Simon at Eves- ham, 203
Gloucester, Earl of, see Robert Gloucester, Earl of (Richard de Clare), quarrels with Earl Simon, 199; joins Earl Simon, and dies, 200 Gloucester, raising of the siege of, 539 Gloucester, see Glevum
Goderich, Viscount, becomes Prime Minister, 892; resignation of, 893; see Robinson, Frederick J., and Ripon, Earl of
Godfrey of Bouillon, 121
Godfrey, Sir Edmund Berry, murder of, 615
'Godly party,' the, 544
Godolphin, Lord, connected with Marl- borough, 677; his financial ability, 678; turns to the Whigs, 684; sup- ports the Union with Scotland, 685 Godwine becomes Earl of the West Saxons, 84; supports Harthacnut, 85;
charged with the murder of Ælfred 86; governs under Eadward, 87; out lawed, 88; return and death of, 89 Goidels, the, a branch of the Celts, 6; languages spoken by the descendants of, 7
Gondomar, Count of, negotiates a Spanish alliance with James I., 488,
Good Parliament, the, 262 Gordon, General, murder of, 972 Gordon riots, the, 792
Goring, George Goring, Lord, defeated at Langport, 548
Gough, General, defeats the Sikhs on the Sutlej, 951; becomes Lord Gough, is checked at Chillianwalla, and defeats the Sikhs at Gujerat, ib.
Grafton, Duke of, First Lord of the Treasury, 773; resignation of, 776 Graham of Claverhouse, John, attempts to suppress the Covenanters, 620 Graham, Sir James, resigns office, 912; a member of Peel's cabinet, 926 Grammar-schools, foundation of, 419 Granada, conquest of, 349
Grand Alliance, the, signed by William III., 675
Grand Remonstrance, the, 534 Grattan leads the movement for the legislative independence of Ireland, 795 resists the Union, 842 Graupian Hill, the, battle of, 17 Gray, his Elegy quoted by Wolfe, 755 Great Contract, the, 484
Great Council, the, composition of, 113; urges William to name an archbishop, 117; summoned to Rockingham, 118; becomes unimportant under Henry I., 126; frequently consulted by Henry II., 141; meets at Clarendon, 144; remonstrates with Henry III., 188, 192; refuses money to Henry III., 194; begins to be known as Parlia ment, 195; meets at York, 529; see Parliament
Great Mogul, the break-up of the empire of, 758
Greece, national uprising in, 884; battle of Navarino fought for the liberation of, 893; acquires Thessaly, 970 Greenwich Hospital, foundation of, 663 Greenwood hanged, 472
Gregorian calendar, the, introduced into England, 743
Gregory I., Pope, finds English slave- boys at Rome, 28; sends Augustine to England, 39
Gregory VII., Pope, his relations with William I., 107
Gregory IX., Pope, demands money from England, 194
Grenville, George, character of, 768; becomes Prime Minister, 769; issues a general warrant, ib.; offends George III., 770; carries the Stamp Act, 771; dismissal of, ib.; asserts that the House of Commons has no right to
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