play great forethought for all such [interests], and who are no less ambitious13 of national14 than of personal's honour, and who choose a moderate subsistence16 with righteousness, rather than great wealth with iniquity. For our ancestors, by such conduct, at once handed down the state, in a most flourishing condition," to their successors, and left the memory of their virtue for evermore. From this it is easy to learn two things; that our country is capable of rearing better men than all others, and that what is called empire18 but is calamity, tends1o to render all who enjoy20 it degenerate.21 And this is a conclusive' proof; for empire ruined not only us but the Lacedæmonian state also; so that it is not possible for those who have been accustomed to eulogise their virtues to say, that we managed our affairs badly. owing to our democratic constitution, and that if the Lacedæmonians had assumed that power, they would have rendered both others and themselves happy. It exhibited' its own nature much more speedily in them; for it nearly caused that constitution which no man ever knew to be shaken either by dangers or by calamities in 700 years, to fluctuate and dissolve in a brief period. For in place of the habits established among them, it infected private citizens with iniquity, indolence, lawlessness, avarice, and the government 10 with disdain of its allies, lust for the 4" 9 2 'EOil, perf. pass. partic. 1 Μέγιστον. 'Επιδείκνυμι, 1 aor. * Επιτηδεύματα. and SCOTT, in voce. 8 'Eμñíπλŋμ, 1 aor. act. with genitive. See LIDD. • Ραθυμία. 10 Τὸ κοινὸν τῆς πόλεως. 11 possessions of others, and contempt for its 12 engagements13 and treaties. For they so far exceeded our countrymen in their crimes towards the Greeks, inasmuch as in addition to their former [crimes] they enacted15 massacres and revolutions in the States, in consequence of which their feuds17 between one another will be everlasting. And they were not content with these crimes,18 but about the same period they kept ravaging 19 the continent, outraging the isles, annihilating the constitutional governments 20 in Italy and Sicily, establishing 21 despots, and polluting 22 the Peloponnese, which they infested 23 with revolutions and wars. 3 Did they not take from the Eleians a part of their territory, and ravage1 the lands of the Corinthians, and break up' the Mantineans, and invade1 the [territory] of the Argives, and never cease to wrong" others, and to prepare for themselves the defeat at Leuctra, which some allege to have been the cause of Sparta's calamities-but incorrectly; for [it was] not through this defeat [that] they became detested by their confederates, but [it was] owing to the outrages [they committed] in former times [that] they sustained this defeat,1o and endangered11 their Διοικίζειν, 1 αor. act. 3 MayTIVEng, declined like 4 Εισβάλλειν εἰς. 5 Participle. W. Gr. Gr. § 164. "Dative. The Greek idiom requires the dative (commodi et incommodi) where the English employs the genitive. BUTTM., p. 357, obs. 3. JELF, § 601. 8 Not saying true things.' 1 Τέμνειν. Βασιλεύς. 'Ηττα. 2 9 "Yo'g. 10 ̔Ηττᾶσθαι, 1 αur. pass. ταύτην, sc. ἥτταν. On the cognate accus., see JELF, § 458. 11 Κινδυνεύειν, 1 aor. act., περίο 26 26 own territory. We ought not to attribute the event' to those evils which happen at the consummation,13 but to the original transgressions,14 in consequence of which they were involved15 in this catastrophe. 16 So that any one would speak far more correctly, if he should declare that the foundation" of their calamities was laid,18 when they began to assume19 the empire20 of the sea, and to gain a power in no respecta similar to that previously subsisting.22 For, by means of their supremacy23 by land, and the discipline and [powers of] endurance they had cultivated, they easily acquired27 the ascendancy 28 by sea, and, owing to the licentiousness29 engendered 30 in them by that ascendancy, they were soon deprived31 of the supremacy by land also. For they no longer observed32 the laws which they received from their ancestors, nor did they abide by the habits33 which they formerly maintained,34 but supposing 35 that it was open36 to them to do whatsoever37 they desired, they were reduced3 to great confusion: for they did not know how intractable39 is that power,40 which all men love to gain, nor how it causes its votaries11 to lose their senses,* 42 nor that its nature resembles43 those courtesans44 who make men love them, and ruin their lovers. 12 To refer [i ́éorir] the causes.' 15 Καταφέρειν ἐπὶ, 1 aor. pass. realai, perf. pass. infin. 23 Υπάρχων. μελετωμένη. 29 Ακολασία. 33 Ήθος. 36 Εξεῖναι. 39 Δύσχρηστος. 16 Τελευτή. 13 Τελευτή. 17 'Αρχή. 20 'Αρχή. 14 'Αμαρτήματα. 18 Γίγα 21 Οὐδέν. 88 Δύναμις. 19 Παραλαμβάνειν. 23 'Ηγεμονία. 24 Ευταξία. 25 Καρτερία. 27 'ETIкpateir, with genitive, 1 aor. act. 30 Εγγενόμενος. 34 *Εχειν. 26 'H 31 'Αφαιρεθῆναι. 33 φυλάττειν. 35 'Yπodaμßáveir, 2 aor. act. partic. 37 "O TI av, with conjunctive. See Preface, p. 17. 43 did not know that power, how intractable it is.' 41 Οἱ ἀγαπῶντες αὐτήν. 48 Παραφρονεῖν. LVI. Indeed' it has been clearly convicted of exercising this influence, for any man may see that those who have had the most ample powers have been involved in the greatest misfortunes, especially ourselves and the Lacedæmonians. For these states, formerly administering their affairs with the greatest moderation, and possessing a noble repute,10 as soon as they assumed empire, in no respect differed from one another; but, as is natural toll those who have been ruined12 by the same lusts and the same malady, they attempted13 the same enterprises,11 perpetrated similar transgressions, and finally stumbled 15 on like calamities. Thus1 we, detested by our allies, and in danger17 of reduction to slavery, 18 were saved by the Lacedæmonians, while they, when all were longing19 to annihilate them, resorted20 to us and owed their preservation to us. How then ought we to eulogise that ascendancy which involves 22 catastrophes23 so fatal ?24 Ought we not to detest and shun that which has incited25 both these states to perpetrate, and compelled them to suffer, many dreadful [evils]? There is no reason26 to wonder, if in past time it was undetected by28 all men as29 the cause of such disasters to its possessors, nor even if it was contested31 by us and the Lacedæmonians; for you will find the majority of 1 Καίτοι. Gr. § 164. 2 30 4 Δύναμις. 'Eπidεiкvvμi, perf. pass. 3 "Exer, partic. W. Gr. 6 5 Opt. with av. Οἱ ἐν πλείσταις ἐξουσίαις γεγενημένοι. 7 Пερiπτεr, partic. perf. act. with dative. 10 Δόξα. 11 Προσήκει. 8 See Preface, p. 60, 11. 9 Πολιτεύεσθαι. 19 Siaq Osipw, perf. pass. partic. 16 Περιπίπτειν, 2 aor. περί. 16 Tε. 18 *Ανδραποδισμός. 2 aor. partic. 24 Πονηραί. 20 Λανθάνω. 13 14 3 Επιχειρεῖν, 1 aor. act. Πράξεις. 17 Kivduveveiv [1 aor. act. partic.] 19 Gen. abs. 20 Καταφεύγειν ἐπι, 48 Τελευταί. 21 Τυγχάνειν διά. 25 Επαίρειν. 26 Οὐκ ἄξιον. 22" 3 ̓́Εχειν. 29 Being.' 30 Οἱ ἔχοντες αὐτήν. 27 Τὸν ἄλλον χρόνον, 31 Περιμάχητος. men ering about the choice of their objects,32 and having stronger appetites33 for evils than for blessings, and counselling better fo134 their enemies than themselves. And this any one may observe in35 the most important [cases], for what has not happened thus? 6 I reflect' whilst I am speaking, how much the country3 has declined, and how different are the sentiments which our contemporaries" entertain from [those of] our fellowcountrymen in former times. For when I was a boy, wealth was held so secure and important a thing, that almost all men pretended to possess a fortune1o larger than they happened to have, desirous of sharing in this repute; whereas it is now requisite to prepare a defence" against! [the imputation of] wealth as against the highest crimes. To seem to be affluent13 has become far more dangerous than openly to commit crime:14 criminals either meet with pardon or are fined in small [sums], whereas the others are utterly16 ruined on the spot,15 and we should probably17 find more who have been deprived1o of their property19 than those who have undergone penalties20 for their crimes. Why should I speak of what is common to all? 21 for I myself lost not a little of my 1 Ενθυμοῦμαι. 2 Meraki, with partic. pres. act. 3 Τὰ τῆς πόλεως. 5 Οι νῦν. 6 Πρότερον. 7 Σεμνός. 4 Μετα ίπτειν, perf. 8 'OXiyou drir. See BUTTM., Gr. Gr., p. 391, obs. 5. • Προσποιοῦμαι. 13 Εὐπορεῖν. 14 'Αδικείν. 11 Απολογία. 12 Υπέρ. 10 Ουσία. 15 The verbs meet with' and 'fined' are aorists, because the occurrence denoted by them is supposed to have taken place an indefinite number of times: the verbruined' is in the present, because the speaker wishes to place the event dramatically before his audience. On this use of the aorist, see JELF, Gr. Gr. § 402, 2. BUTTM., p. 27 "Av, with opt. 18 Οἱ ἐκπεπτωκότες. δοῦναι, 21 Τα κοινά. 370, obs. 5. 19 Τὰ ὄντα, 16" 3 * Αρδην. 20 Δίκην |