lec. 1794. and eat them. When refolved on r, they march in the night, armed hfwords, lances, and arrows, to furthe enemy, and if they fucceed, kill they meet, male and female, and ftrip eir houfes. If they are oppofed and If r-matched, they quickly retreat. ey fee a ftar near the moon, they exan attack from their enemy, and rein under arms. They ly at all tinies ambush to kill their foes, and he who ries home a head is diftinguifhed in nation. If two parties meet pretty al, they come to a treaty, which they nclude with feafting, calling on the and moon to witnefs their pacifica 7. A vanquished tribe becomes triary to their conquerors. Their proons for war is a dried root like a pope, with palte of rice-flour; and havno victuals to drefs, they march a at distance in one day. Their weas of war are fabricated only by pecutribes. T'heir houfhold affairs belong wholly he women; the men build the huts, Livate the land, hunt, and make war. the birth of a child they feaft their nds, and end the day with dancing finging. All deformed perfons go about begging like religious mendicants. At the death of one of the Cuci, they killa hog, and having boiled the meat, pour fome liquor into the mouth of the deceased, twift a piece of cloth round his body, and all tafte the liquor as an offering to his foul; this they repeat seThen they lay the body on veral days. a ftage, dry it by a fire, and inter it, fcattering fruits and flowers on the grave; but fome of them cover their dead with a fhroud and a mat, and hang them on a When the flesh is decayed high tree. they wash the bones, and keep them in a bowl, often confulting them on any emergency, and alledging that they act by the command of their departed friend. A widow must remain a whole the grave of her husband; where the family bring her food. If fhe die within the year, they mourn for her; if the lives they carry her back, and her relations have an entertainment. If the deceafed leaves three fons, the eldest and youngest take the property; the other If he has no fons, the has nothing. eftate goes to his brother; if no brothers, it efcheats to the chief. Afiatic Refearches. year near SPECULATION ON THE ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICAL MAN- HE frequent intercourfe of the Scots the Romans, the Britons, the Weftinlanders, the Irish, and the merchants n different countries who traded to Irish harbours, would, as iron polifh. iron, rub off something of their barus ruft; as a more enlarged experie would improve them in the art of Their conquefts in Ireland would, ever, produce but very finall effects. agriculture alone, an art unworthy military men of that age, that can fix dance upon any particular fpot of It was as well they did not apply llage while they lived near enemies in one day, would easily destroy the s of a year's induftry; they had eveing to feek by the fword and to deby the fword; they would be fkipbackwards and forwards to Ireland Scotland, as neceffity, pleasure, or Thus Irefement, directed them. as well as Scotland was the fçene of Fingal's battles, where he had the Belgæ of of their livelihood, and reckoned it that of their glory, could not be long at reft. Their beft harvest lay towards the South; their neighbours the Picts joined them in their attacks on Valentia and fouth Britain, as the Irish would do from their country. On the fyftem I here lay down, thefe paffages of Claudian may be eafily understood: Totam cum Scotus Hybernen Movit et infefto fpumavit Remige Thetis. And, Scotorum cumulos flevit glaceales Hyberne. though they often fuffered the torture of fevere criticifm. Thus the Albin Scots, fupported by their friends in the Western ifles, by the Irish Scots, and by continual experience in arms, on a more enlarged fcene of action, would at length become an overmatch for the caftern Picts; who, if they did not prey upon one another, and fell the Grampian deer, had no other employment but when they occafionally paffed in their curruchs towards the fouthern provinces. Common fenfe would have convinced me that the Scots painted as well as their neighbours, without appealing to the teftimony of Ifidore; yet, in their progrefs towards civilization, they muft have been gradually dropping the barbarous practice; as, from the booty taken in their frequent excurfions to South Britain and the commerce they would have kept up with the merchants in the harbours of Ireland, they would provide themfelves with fome cloaths, which would put them under a neceffity of giving up the custom of painting; but, to preferve the diftinctive marks of their fubordinate tribes, they would tranfpofe them to their fhields. Seneca, I think, fays that they painted their fhields; and I find the shield of a hero thus defcribed in an old Gaulic poem, which efcaped Mr Macpherson's fearch: he fitted his red-tanned bofly fhield to his left arm, on which was drawn the picture of a lion, a leopard, a griffin, and the biting ferpent.' Their chariots of war were alfo painted that they might be known in the field. At laft the colours, with the animal drawn upon it, which diftinguished the tribe, was introduced as a farther improvement in the art of war, which they must have learned from the Romans; as we may conclude, from Homer's filence, that they ufed none in the heroic times that he defcribes, though the Greeks and Trojans lived in a much more advanced period of fociety than the contemporary Picts and Scots. In one of Fingal's battles I find three or fourpard colours produced at once, dazzling the eye from afar with the luftre of Imag Armorial bearings may very jiky ko pofed to owe their origin to this pra and it is not unlikely that, when pray micks gave place to furnames, val know happened in this country centuries later than the time I let t before me, those who have takta up to the name of Lion, Wolf, Fox, livi Dog, or of any other animal, made ca of that which diftinguifhed their tribe fro the beginning. In that quarter of t country where patronymicks are fide, none derive their furnames from v venous beafts, the favourite this a wild rapacious people, except the M Mahons, who are defcended of the guz Mac Mabon of Monaghan, a fursatis porting the son of the boar, whole r fentation on his breaft, back, fhield or lours, did him once no fmall hour a mong bis rapacious neighbours, as abax of wild undaunted prowefs. I know ti fome of the animals mentioned abo not inhabitants of cold climates; be veral Britons travelled to Rome, wh they were produced in public thes; numerous ftrangers frequented the le bours of the British Mes, who w readily exaggerate the wildness of th beafts, whether real or imaginary, w tickling the fancies of wild undic people; and, if the griffin on the Br fhield abovementioned be to the w fide of any perfon's belief, let him cuand that it is alfo an English furname. CL It is a farther confirmation that h Picts and Scots painted before they any connexion with civilized nat that there are very frong appearances moft, if not all the inhabitants of Eng painted themfelves, for the fame cas in early times. How could the cur have become fo univerfal in Britain, the firft adventurers had not brought t with them from Gaul, though it ca there beyond the reach of any hiftory o down to us; for, the religion, luga and cuftoms of both countries were the fame, with thefe odds, that the cian colony, increased with a band ef eduftrious Phoenicians, fettled in Gana early as the time of old Tarquin, gradual impreffions on the manners f inhabitants. Add to this, the fra fallies which the Gauls made to Italy, the earliest period of the Roman ftat the confiderable colony which had planted at Narbonne, and there w the lefs furprise that Cæfar makes no mention of their painting; the military fpirit, which rendered them once fuperior to the Germans, having in his time degene rated through that infectious neighbourhood. Yet ftill there remain traces of the Gaulic painting in the Roman writers; for, Propertius, in a fatyrical addrefs to an old lady who painted (Lib. II. 17, 23, &c.), calls the affumed colour either Britifh or Belgic; Nunc etiam inpictos demens imitare Britannos And the fame author's Pidoque Britanni Curru is called the Belgica Effeda by Virgil, as being the fame; which Servius calls a Gaulifh invention. The plant glatume, which the Gauls fold, after a tedious procefs in the preparation, at high profit, for dying blue, was, according to Pliny, that which was ufed in the British colouring; and to this day we call a dull melancholy blue glas. It would therefore feem, that the Britons learned the preparation and ufe of this plant before they left Gaul, and continued the barbarous application to their pricked bodies, until they yielded to the example of better polished strangers. The Tyrians, Carthaginians, and Romans, fettled fo early in Spain, as to introduce the customs of civil life before hiftory could bring down any account of the original favages; yet Juftin fays, that, in the fabulous days of that country, Habis, after being expofed when a child to a variety of hazards, by which his grandfather the king meant to have him deftroyed, at length, being taken home as a curiofity from the mountains, where he ran wild along with the deer, was known to be the king's grand-child by the marks that were burnt into his body when very young. Not only the long fhields of the Germans, but the Arii among them from the bottom of that wide country, were painted, the reft having improved a little by the commece with the Romans, particularly on amber and furs: but, that this barbarous custom was more general, may be inferred from the appearance of the Cimbri conquered by Marius, who bore the figures of wild beafts on their helmets with mouths gaping wide. I could with no great difficulty carry on this deduction over the face of Europe, and fhew that there were originally countries diftant from civilized fettlements, VOL. LVI. from the late Tungafians of Muscovy, to the Illyrians, Thracians, as alfo to the Daces in the more Nothern regions of Afia Minor. I could aifo fay, that the inhabitants of the Philippine Íslands, when firft difcovered by the Spaniards, were for the most part naked, and had their bodies artfully pricked with diverfe colours. I could add, that the different cafts in the East Indies, fo retentive of their ancient customs have still the diftinctive mark; that the Siamefe, who wear cloaths, dye their legs blue, higher or lower, according to their dignity; that Omiah, the late adventurer from Otaheite, was, according to the mode of his country, marked in the hands, and that he had other marks on his body, though they lay hidden under his cloaths; and that the fame might very probably be obfervable in the undiscovered iflands of the vaft Southern Ocean; but there would be too much famenefs in this difquifition, and afford little entertainment to any who would give himself the trouble to read it. I will only observe, that the Romans painted on their enfigns five beafts, the minotaur, the horse, the wolf, the boar, and the eagle. Marius abolished the first four, and retained the eagle. According to my fyftem, thefe animals were the dif tinctive badges of five of the military heroes who became companions and allies in the infancy of the State, and joined the teftimonials of their prowess together. I cannot doubt that this mark of honour was bestowed by fentence of the affembly of the tribe; and at length, like other matters of property, became hereditary; and that none could take it up at his own hand; for, the picta fcuta labici were honourable, when the parma inglorius alba was a reproach to the wearer. It is obfervable, that the bulk of the foldiers among Marius' Cimbri wore white fhields, for receiving no doubt, the fymbols of future exploits. Now, in extenfive States, these marks of courage and condut are procured by other means. Money, intereft, and arts, are become mighty engines to raife the plebeian and coward from the duft, and rank them among the nobles of the land? When thefe diftinctive family-marks were laid afide, genealogy was long carefully ftudied, and preferved uncorupted; while, for want of law, or the power to bring it into execution, the ftrength of the clan or tribe was the fupport and fafeguard of every individual; in fo far, that it was established by an act of legal au 5 H tho thority in our country, that, when a man committed a trespass against any of another clan, it was lawful for the offended tribe to take up whomfoever they could lay hands on, and keep him in durance until fatisfaction was made both to the man and to the tribe. Yet this connexion, which was once lawful and facred, before avarice and luxury, the enemies of all virtue, were introduced, began to lofe its ufe, and to be reduced within narrow bounds, by the flattery and falfehood of the genealogifts. Thus, the genealogical table fell into disrepute even among those who were meant to be coaxed by it: Cardinal Mazarine laughed at the French parafite who undauntedly traced his pedigree to T. Geganius Macerinus, conful in the first age of the commonwealth. Arms, genealogies, and titles of honour, when in the defpofal of mean hands, and are bestowed without difcernment on perfons void of merit, become contemptible and neglected; though, in a certain period of the p the human mind from barbarity, w well as individuals, are fond of the tre pings and ornaments; until farther en ment, and the promiscuous ufe of them, kare them to the bare of the vain and of the thoughtlefs. The Scots were once fond f an Egyptian defcent, which is tow givea up; and our Pictish ancestors were feder of their honourable fears, than cr beft men of their armorial bearings, though they allow themfelves to be carried dura by the tide of fashion. N. B. I have faid fomwhere abo that the Caledonians did not deal in få None till very lately meddled with the trouts, which fwam plentifully in the cred lake of Dieg close by me; and e folitary fish took up his refidence beautiful fpring at Uig, on the border. of Kilmuir, which, when women of cha dren took up in their pails, they wold throw in again. COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE TRADE TO THE EAST AND EAST INDIA TRADE. Capital employed. Eighteen millions. Value of goods exported annually to India and China, both by the company and their officers. One million and a balf. WEST INDIAN TRADE. Capital employed. Seventy millions. Value of goods exported from Great B tain and her dependencies, including the profit of freight on the feveral brai ches of fupply, infurance, &c. Tera millions eight hundred thousand pounds. Import fales by the company, and fales Imports into Great Britain and Ireland, under licence. Five millions. Duties paid to government, cuftoms, &c. Seven hundred and ninety thousand pounds. Chartered shipping of the company. Eighty thousand tons. and shipped to other parts, the prof of which center in Great Brit Seven millions two hundred too m pounds. Duties paid to government. One mil eight hundred thousand pounds. Shipping employed direct. One lands and fifty thousand tons. circumstance that the trade to the We poffcffions, which the fettlements in the But the great difference arifes from the Indies is carried on with our own colonial Eaft never were, nor ever can be confidered. STATE THE following Memorial, prefented by Mr far, Miniler Plenipotentiary from the United States of America to the British Court, together with Lord Grenville's anfaver, avere printed by authority at Norfolk, in Virginia, on the 29th of Odober. MEMORIAL. THE underfigned Envoy of the United States of America, has the honour of reprefenting to the Rt Hon. Lord Grenville, his Britannic Maicfty's Secretary of State for the department of Foreign Affairs: Edwards' Hiftory of the Weft Ind. facts will appear from the documents can veffels and property, and to unusual which he has had the honour of fubmitting perfonal feverities, but even to the imto his Lordship's confideration; and that preffment of American citizens to serve it will not be deemed neceffary at prefent on board armed veffels. He forbears to to particularize thefe cafes, and their me- dwell on the injuries done to those unforrits, or detail the circumftances which tunate individuals, or on the emotions difcriminate fome from others. which they muft naturally excite, either in the breafts of the nation to whom they belong, or of the juft and humane of every country. His reliance on the juftice and benevolence of his Majefty, leads him to indulge a pleafing expectation, that orders will be given, that Americans, fo circumftanced, be immediately liberated, and that perfons, honoured with his Majefty's commiffions, do in future abstain from fimilar violences. That great and extenfive injuries, thus, under colour of his Majefty's authority and commiffions, have been done to a nume rous clafs of American merchants, the United States can, for reparation, have recourfe only to the justice, authority, and interpofition of his Majefty. That the veffels and property taken and condemned have been chiefly fold, and the proreeds divided among a number of perfons, of whom fome are dead, fome unable to make retribution, and others, from frequent removals, and their particular circumstances, not easily reached by civil procefs. That as for these loffes and injuries, adequate compenfation, by means of judicial proceedings, has become impracticable; and confidering the caufes which combined to produce them, the United States confide in his Majefty's juftice and magnanimity, to caufe fuch compenfation to be made to these innocent fufferers, as may be confiftent with equity; and the underfigned flatters himself, that fuch principles may, without difficulty, be adopted, as will ferve as rules whereby to af certain the cafes and the amount of compenfation. So grievous are the expences and delays attending litigated fuits, to perfons whofe fortunes have been fo materially affected; and fo great is the diftance of Great Britain from America, that the underfigned thinks he ought to exprefs his anxiety, that a mode of proceeding, as fummary and little expenfive, may be devised, as circumstances, and the peculiar hardthip of thefe cafes, may appear to permit and require. And as (at least in fome of thefe cafes) it may be expedient and neceflary, as well as juft, that the fentences of the Courts of Vice-Admiralty fhould be revifed and corrected by the Court of Appeals here; the underfigned hopes it will ap pear reasonable to his Majefty, to order that the captured in queftion (who have not already fo done) be there admitted to enter both their appeals and their claims. The underfigned alfo finds it to be his duty to reprefent, that the irregularities before mentioned, extended, not only to the capture and condemnation of Ameri It is with cordial fatisfaction, that the underfigned reflects on the impreffions which fuch equitable and conciliatory meafures would make on the minds of the United States, and how naturally they would infpire and cherish these fentiments and difpofitions, which never fail to preferve, as well as to produce, refpect, efteem, and friendship. (Signed) London, July 30. 1794. ANSWER. JOHN JAY. THE underfigned Secretary of State has had the honour to lay before the King the minifterial note which he has received from Mr Jay, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States of America, respecting the alledged irregularity of the capture and condemnation of feveral American veffels, and alfo refpecting the circunftances of perfonal feverity, by which thofe proceedings are ftated to have been accompanied, in fome particular inftances. The underligned is authorized to affure Mr Jay, that it is his Majefty's with, that the most complete and impartial_juftice should be done to all the citizens of America, who may, in fact, have been injured by any of the proceedings above mentioned. All experience fhews, that a naval war, extending over the four quarters of the globe, muft unavoidably be productive of fome inconveniencies to the commerce of neutral nations; and that no care can prevent fome irregularities in the courfe of thofe proceedings, which are univerfally recognized as refulting from the just rights incident to all belligerent powers, But the King will always be defirous that thefe inconveniences and irregularities fhould be as much limited as the nature of the cafe will admit, and that the fulleft opportunity fhould be given to 5 11 2 all |