to results which, taken in connection with similar d'e-sions undertaken by the Dutch, French, German, Y. wegian, and other Governments, will place Ocean Mer. the solution of many questions vital, not merely to m gation, but to a right understanding of the more com problems of the Land Meteorology of the Globe. are fifty-one out of the 100 whose pressure averages are based on fewer than twenty observations; thirty-five averages on fewer than fifteen observations; and sixteen averages, or a sixth of the whole, based on fewer than|ology on a broad and sound basis, and thus lead towar ten observations. Hence the incomparableness of the results of the 1° and 2° squares, inter se, and the general unsatisfactoriness of this part of the work. The same objections apply with perhaps equal force to the discussions of the temperatures of the air and those of the sea. Range corrections for pressure and temperature over the region under discussion are not yet accurately enough known to justify the committee in "correcting' the results on the large chart by hypothetical corrections. Since, however, it is most desirable to attempt a discussion of the results of the squares, so as to arrive at a knowledge of the approximate distribution of the temperature and pressure of this important part of the ocean; and since such a discussion necessarily calls for a preli. minary preparation of the results by the application of such approximate corrections for range as we are in possession of, and which cannot be far from the mark; the Meteorological Committee will require to give the mean day of the month and the mean hour of the day for each of the averages of the squares. Indeed, without this additional information the results can scarcely be said to possess any strict scientific value. With this additional information, some highly interesting questions suggested by the chart could be examined, such as the relations of the pressure, air and sea temperature, and humidity in these 1° squares, viz., Nos. 93, 94; 82, 83; and 72, 73, to the squares contiguous to them. But, so far as the chart informs us, the interesting anomalies here indicated may be due to no more than differences in the mean hour of the observations of each square. We should also wish to see added, as respects each square, an enumeration of all the unusually low and unusually high observations of pressure and temperature which have been made use of in calculating the averages. This will be the more desirable as the discussion proceeds into other parts of the ocean where barometric and thermometric disturbances are of more frequent occurrence, and where the number of observations is fewer than in this No. 3 square "in which the largest number of observations have been collected." The vital importance of a knowledge of pressure and temperature range in discussing Ocean Meteorology it is unnecessary to insist upon. For this information we must look, perhaps we may say exclusively, to the Boards of Admiralty of this and other countries, it being only through such bodies that systems of hourly or two-hourly observations at sea can be organised and carried out. May we hope that, among the contributions to science which Prof. Wyville Thomson will bring back from his circumnavigation cruise, one will be data for the determination of barometric and thermometric constants which are so indispensable in the reduction of Ocean Meteorological sta tistics. In offering these suggestions to the consideration of the Meteorological Committee, we desire to express our deep sense of the importance of this department of their work, and our hearty thanks for the care they are taking to ensure its efficient execution; and we may confidently hope that the method of discussion finally resolved on will lead GIEBEL'S THESAURUS ORNITHOLOGI Thesaurus Ornithologia. Repertorium der gessam ornithologischen Literatur und Nomenclatur samm licher Gattungen und Arten der Vögel nebst Synors. Von Dr. C und geographischer Verbreitung. Giebel. Erster und Zweiter Halbbänder. (Leip Brockhaus, 1872.) IN this work, we regret to say, the performance se not equal the promise. Nothing would be more a ceptable to the many students of the class of Birds such a "Repertorium" as Prof. Giebel's title seems indicate. Nor is there anything objectionable m te manner in which he proposes to treat his what extensive subject, although other plans wozde equally or more convenient. But when we come to into details and to consider the mode of execution, must condemn the work as almost useless to ornithagists from its errors and imperfections. The first portion of the "Repertorium" professes give us a complete list of the literature relating to s thology, arranged under certain heads. But numeros volumes and papers of the greatest importance to ornithologist are either altogether omitted, or are ins ed under wrong headings. For example, Cabanis Heine's "Muscum Heincanum" is not alluded to a nor can we find Finsch and Hartlaub's 46 Ornithol Ost-Afrika's," Fraser's "Zoologia Typica," or Gl is not In the second part of the "Repertorium," called "Nomenclator Ornithologicus," it is pretended to give a list of all the described genera and species of the class of birds in alphabetical order, with references to authorities, synonymy, and other points. Nothing could be of greater use to the ornithologist, if such a task were well or even fairly well performed. But this, we regret to say, the case, as anyone with previous knowledge of the sub ject will very quickly discover, on turning over Giebel's pages. It is, in fact, quite evident that the Repertorium" is a mere compilation, upon which, no doubt, long and weary labour has been bestowed, but which, as is often the case with compilations, will be of very little value to the student, owing to the compiler having had insufficient previous knowledge of his sub ject. 66 Prof. Nov. 21, 1872] OUR BOOK SHELF NATURE Palæontographica. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der THIS part of the "Paleontographica" contains a continu- In some general remarks prefixed to his descriptions Dr. Geinitz calls attention to the interest attaching to these Saxon fossils, in some cases owing to their wide geographical range, in others to their long range in time during the Cretaceous period. Thus of the species here noticed, Ostrea carinata, diluviana, and hippopodium, Exogyra lateralis, columba, and haliotoidea, Pecten membranaceus, and curvatus, Vola phaseola, quinquecostata, and quadricostata, and Lima tecta, are common to the Cretaceous rocks of the Elbe Valley in Saxony and of Southern India, in both which localities the lower members of the Cretaceous Inoceramus series (Neocomian and Gault) are wanting. labiatus and Ammonites peramplus are also referred to as fossils common to the two localities. On the other hand a collection of Cretaceous fossils from the neighbourhood of Colorado city and the north of New Mexico also included examples of Inoceramus labiatus, Ammonites per amplus, Baculites baculoides, Inoceramus Brongniarti, and a species resembling I. striatus, evidently representing the Middle Planer of the Elbe Valley, and derived from similar beds of Chalk-marl, over which lie beds with Inoc. Goldfussianus, Baculites, and Scaphites, evidently belonging to the age of the White Chalk. These facts, as Dr. Geinitz remarks, furnish support to the assumption of migrations of species from India to Europe, or from Europe to America, long before the human race took the same road. The most interesting cases of the long-continued existence of species are those relating to the occurrence thus low down in the Cretaceous series of species common to these deposits and to the latest beds of this formation in the province of Schonen in Sweden. Dr. Geinitz also calls attention to the variations occurring in the species here noticed, and to the apparent interdependence of many of those in older and newer parts of the formation, so that, as he says, "it is not difficult to sketch a regular genealogical tree for various series." Theoretische Maschinenlehre. Von Dr. F. Grashof. In THE first number of this work has been issued during the present year. From the preface we learn that the object of the work is the theoretical investigation of the problems involved in the theory of machinery. In the first volume will be discussed the mechanical theory of heat, the theory of hydraulics, and certain other parts of theoretical physics and of applied mechanics, which will be useful in the subsequent portions. The second volume will contain the elements of machines, of mechanical movements, and of governors, and also of mechanical instruments-e., instruments for measuring time, velocity, mass, force, and energy. maschinen)—that is, machines for moving about and The number which lies before us principally discusses LETTERS TO THE EDITOR No notice is taken of anonymous [The Editor does not hold himself responsible for opinions expressed by his correspondents. communications.] Kew Gardens and the National Herbarium PROF. OWEN has very imperfectly stated the facts respecting the cultivation of the ipecacuanha plant at Kew and in India. My friend Mr. McNab says of the ipecacuanha (Trans. Bot. Soc., vol. x. 319): "It is a plant of remarkably slow growth; the largest plant in the Botanic Garden at Edinburgh is scarcely one foot in height, although more than thirty years of age, and has three leading shoots, each four inches in length. The method hitherto adopted of propagating the Cephaëlis (as far as I am be got at a time, and at long intervals." aware) is by cuttings, but of these not more than one or two can It was the possession in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden of old lets, and the difficulty experienced there in obtaining cuttings, long-established plants, with well-developed, rhizome-like rootwhich suggested to Mr. McNab a method of propagation which has since been found exceedingly successful, and for which he deserves every possible credit. In a printed report to the Secretary of State for India (11695) Dr. Anderson states: "It was when examining the old plants in order that the best method of propagating might be determined on, that it occurred to Mr. McNab that the numerous root-like tubers might be taken advantage of as a means of rapidly increasing the plant." At Kew no such great difficulty has been experienced in increasing the ipecacuanha by ordinary cuttings, the original specimen having during the last six years been by this means increased manifold. On the other hand, the constant demand for cuttings from the Kew plant has prevented the formation of the tuberous rhizomes which in the case of the Edinburgh one were the result of thirty years' growth. As far as the resources of Kew Gardens would allow, all three presidencies of India were supplied with ipecacuanha plants, not once only, but at various times. Most of these perished in India, some from being planted in unsuitable sites, others from accident; and it was not till 1868 that its cultivation promised success, upon which its propagation on an extensive scale was ordered by the Government of India. The Of the plants sent to Calcutta from Kew, one which arrived in 1866 had in 1869 produced twenty plants (Anderson, 1.c. p. 3); of these twelve were sent to Sikkim, where seven were "killed by a coolie falling on them and completely smashing them" (Report of the Calcutta Botanic Garden, April 25, 1871). The further history of the remainder is detailed in Dr. King's report, which is quoted by Prof. Owen, but in a very unfair manner. passage which he has extracted proceeds as follows beyond the point where he stops: "The five plants in Sikkim were, early in the current year, submitted by Messrs. Gammie, Bierman, and Jaffrey, of the Cinchona plantations, to a most successful experiand especially heatment in artificial propagation, by which four hundred cuttings roots, and are now fine healthy little plants." were obtained, the greater proportion of which have formed good The third volume discusses the machines which serve for the application of natural agents to technical purposes, machines for employing the power of animals, hydraulic wheels, windmills, steam engines, and especially heat engines in the widest sense. Finally, the fourth volume will be occupied with machines for doing work (Arbeit That the cultivation of ipecacuanha should be taken up at Edinburgh is nothing more than might reasonably be demanded of a garden maintained at the national expense. It was indeed an arrangement which the residence at Edinburgh of Dr. Anderson, the then Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic Garden, who was home on sick leave, rendered eminently desirable, and one upon which I was fully consulted by the Government, as appears in Dr. Anderson's report already quoted. Nor, in reference to the subject, should it in fairness be suppressed, that not only has the successful introduction of the ipecacuanha into India been due to the establishment at Kew, but that Kew has at the same time supplied living plants to Ceylon, the Mauritius, Jamaica, Trinidad, Barbadoes, Queensland, and various home and continental gardens. Prof. Owen again appears to have been completely misinformed in respect to Welwitschia, which, he implies, had been sent to Kew in a state fit for cultivation. A very large and old specimen with the tap-root chopped off before its arrival, was placed for convenience in a pot of earth, and exhibited in the succulent house, where it would be likely to attract much attention, and would also be in contiguity to other plants from the same region. This was done without the slightest expectation of its showing any disposition to grow, and solely to gratify the public curiosity. On the appearance of symptoms of decay from the dampness incidental to a greenhouse, it was at once transferred to the museum, where it now remains. Prof. Owen, apparently quoting a statement in my memoir on Welwitschia, pointedly alludes to the fact that "cones with ripe seeds" had been received at Kew, but he omits to give the following words, "the albumen of which was perfectly rotten;" and when alluding to my acknowledgment of the receipt of "fine young plants," he does not add that these were Dr. Welwitsch's specimens gathered years before. Prof. Owen refers to my answer to Q. 6,661 in the evidence given before the Royal Commission, as having by groundless insinuation "inflicted pain on fellow-servants of the State and collaborators in science, on men at least his (my) equals, and one of whom in a recondite botanical problem has shown himself his (my) superior." As Prof. Owen does not quote this question and answer, I shall do so. They are as follows:Q. 6,661.-"Has there been insufficient space in the British Museum for the reception of specimens for the enlargement of its herbaria, or has any other obstacle interfered?"-A. "With regard to the British Museum I do not think any person can answer that except the officers of the establishment. I do not think that the nature and extent of its botanical collections or their condition is well known except to its officers." I leave it to the reader to say whether any possible insinuation could be conveyed in such an answer, and, being unconscious of any, shall conclude with expressing my conviction that here again Prof. Owen has been misinformed. J. D. HOOKER Royal Gardens, Kew, Nov. 15 The Diathermacy of Flame I HAVE to thank Lord Rosse for pointing out an omission in my communication on this subject. It was not, however, an "oversight," as Lord Rosse supposes, the source of error in question having been duly considered, and its amount calculated, when the experiments were made. It was neglected on account of its smallness. As its theoretical importance is unquestionable, and the amount of experimental error is likely to be much overrated, I gladly supply the following figures, which show that this source of error was fairly negligible. As heat, like all other radiant forces, necessarily diffuses with the square of the distance from its source, my method of maintaining a constant mean distance by lighting an equal number of jets equidistant from each side of the middle flame, was liable to an error equal to the difference between the square of the disance of the middle flame from the thermometer and the mean The flames of the squares of the distances of the other flames. were of an inch apart, and the middle flame was 14 in. distant from the thermometer. Thus, in the first trial, when only three flames were lighted, the distance of the nearest was 13 in., ĐỂ the middle 14 in., and of the farthest 14 in. Taking in. a3 our unit, the middle flame was 56 distant, the nearest 55, and. the farthest 57. 5623136, 55 = 3025, and 57" = 3249 The mean of 3025 and 3249 is 3137, instead of 3136 as experi mentally assumed; the error in this case is thus only 3137 I 784-25 of the 4o increase which my, thermometer registered, or of a degree, a quantity far too small for consideration in using a common laboratory thermometer reading only to half degrees Proceeding onwards, the error of course continued increasing until it reached its maximum, when the 1st and 17th jet were lighted. The 1st was 48 quarter inches distant from the thermometer, the 17th was 62. 48=2304, 622-3844- The mean of these is 3074, instead of the experimentally assumed mean of 563136. The difference is 62, i.. of 5the last increment of heat. Thus the maximum error was less than of a degreee, and the mean error lies between this and of a degree. I 784-25 50'3 As regards the last paragraph of Lord Rosse's letter, I would suggest that, with gas passing through a given orifice, the passage of equal quantities neccessarily implies eq pressure; that in turning the micrometer screw of the supply tap so as to cause each additional pair of equal jet b consume an equal additional quantity of gas, I was merely admitting into the space between the tap and the jets a quantity of gas just sufficient to maintain an equal elastic tension o pressure in spite of the varying quantity issuing from the jets. W. MATTIEU WILLIAMS Skeletons of Wild Animals MR. CLARK, of Cambridge, in NATURE of Oct. 31, remarks on the general absence of skeletons, especially those of the F in museums, and states that, so far as he knows, no European museum possesses more than skulls. It is with pleasure, there fore, that I draw his attention to the fact of the existence of a perfect skeleton of the lion in the Ipswich Museum. Besides this, there is a skeleton of the mole, one of the dog-faced monkey (Cynocephalus anubis), one of the dolphin, two very finely prepared skeletons of the boa constrictor, besides others of the ostrich, &c. J. E. TAYLOR Treble Rainbow ABOUT the middle of August, whilst standing on platform of the station at Exmouth, I witnessed a phenomenon which I think is rare enough to be worthy of record. The sun was about an hour off the western horizon, and the river, which is to the west of the station, and is in that part about a mile and a-half broad, was perfectly calm; but there must have been a breeze blowing overhead, for a heavy shower of rain came rapidly up from the westward, and when it had passed to leeward displayed the two ordinary rainbows brightly; and not only these, for between them appeared the arcs of a third bow cutting the other two, the inner one on the horizon and the outer about ten degrees or thereabouts above it. This third rainbow appeared to have its centre as much above as that of the ordinary rainbow was below the horizon, and was due to the reflection of the sun from the calm surface of the river. The arcs of the third rainbow extended but a very small distance beyond the secondary bow, but were bright enough at the intersection to show a sort of checkwork of colours, which presented a most curious appearance. Oxford, Nov. 5 A. MALLOCK Nov. 21, 1872] NATURE day had been wet, so that the falls had a greater volume of water than usual. At that time the sun, as seen from the platform for viewing the falls, was ascending just above the ledge of the rock over which the water was precipitated, and on looking away from it an entire rainbow was visible, excepting that part which was caused by the shadow of the lower part of my body; in consequence of the spray being all round me, the proximity of the bow added brilliancy to the colours, which surpassed anything of the kind that could be seen in a rainbow. I took no measurements. Can any of your correspondents give examples of bows being seen on a cloudless background? Some years ago I saw a rainbow in what seemed a cloudless sky, but the surprising fact that rain was lightly falling from this apparently cloudless sky shows that if there were not clouds there were drops of water-fall over a large area, and which formed a background. I am aware of Mr. Browning's authority for such a phenomenon. Birkenhead G. H. H. Elephas Americanus in Canada CAPTAIN HOWDEN, 'of Millbrook, Ontario, has lately discovered remains of this species in a field adjoining his residence. They were found in the humus quite near the surface, and with the exception of the molars have been very much broken by the plough. The locality is a deep basin, depressed 100 or 150 feet below the surrounding hills, which may have been the basin of a small lake or pond. The elevation is about 490 feet above Lake Ontario, and 125 feet above Rice Lake, on the northern slope of the drift-ridge which borders Lake Ontario on the north. The discovery is interesting as extending the range of this animal in Canada, eastward, along this drift-ridge. The remains heretofore discovered have been confined to the western peninsula, above the Silurian escarpment, or to positions so nearly adjacent that they may have been washed down from this upper region. The present discovery is at an elevation which precludes this, and seems to indicate the presence of the living animal in this region. Between the ridge and the present lake shore there are at least two ancient lake beaches, one about 100 feet above the present water level, the other a little over 200 feet. Neither of these would bring the waters of the lake up to the level of the escarpment; so that at the time of these higher lake levels, the elephant may have ranged over the western peninsula of Canada, and also eastward over the drift-hills which extend nearly to the lower end of Lake Ontario. Victoria College, Cobourg, Oct. 4 Reason or Instinct? N. BURWASH CONSIDERATIONS on the nature of Instinct will ever engage the attention of the student of Nature, and certainly interest in the subject is not likely to flag at a time when psychological manifestations and relations are being more and more sought Your correspondent of the 10th of amongst the lower animals. October last touches on their power of enumeration, which, even in the case of the sagacious dog, appears to be very limited. Nevertheless, I have been assured by a reliable friend, now deceased, that his wiry terrier would, at his order, run round the table once, twice, or thrice, for a suitable reward. The idea of alternation, and an example of memory, came under my own observation some time ago at the Grotto del Cani, near Naples, where I witnessed the somewhat unnecessary experiment of the deleterious effects of carbonic acid on the unfortunate dogs kept for that purpose. On walking to the cave, I remarked that one of the dogs gambolled round the guide, whilst the other followed at his heels with slouched tail and hanging car. The guide assured me that each dog knew when it was his turn to be dropped into the heavy stratum of gas on the floor of the cave, from whence, after partial suffocation, he is thrown into the cool lake close by for resuscitation. With reference to the quasi-reasoning in adaptation of means to an end, under exceptional circumstances, I adduce the following: Many caterpillars of Pieris rape have, during this autumn, fed below my windows. On searching for suitable positions for passing into chrysalides, some eight or ten individuals, in their direct march upwards, encountered the plate-glass panes of my windows; on these they appeared to be unable to stand. Accordingly, in every case they made silken ladders, some of them five feet long, each ladder being formed of a single continuous thread, woven in elegant loops from side to side. The method here adopted is similar in kind to that employed by the glacier climber, who cuts foot-holes with his hatchet to enable him to mount the icy preci- In the case of the above caterpillars, however, reasoning seems Weycombe, Haslemere Lunar Calendars IN a communication addressed to NATURE for 1871, Mr. "The true mean conjuncS. M. Drach writes at p. 204. tion derived from the 19-year cycle is called the Molad or Moon-birth," and I wish to ascertain how this so-called " conjunction" is arrived at. mean I have before me the two new Almanacks published by Vallentine and by Abrahams, by which I find the "moon-birth" for 1873. From facts that have the "Nautical Almanack' generally put down at about six hours after the time quoted in reached me, I conclude that the data for these publications are derived from a skeleton almanack printed by German Jews at years in advance; and no doubt correctly calculated for that Altona, containing the necessary particulars for fifty and eighty locality. I ask whether the data there given are to be accepted by Jews in all countries, or whether they are at liberty to calculate the time of new moon for their own meridian? I may take this opportunity to point out the following discrepancy: 20, 1873, 3.36 A.M. Moeled Kislev, Wednesday, Nov. 19, 1873, 1.14. I A. M., MYOPS the latter must be in error, because in advance of true time. according to Vallentine, but marked P.M. in Abrahams. Both True New Moon, Thursday, Nov. Early Eclipses IN looking through some back numbers of NATURE, I came on a paper by Mr. Hind, in which he examines whether any great eclipse took place at the time of the Crucifixion of Christ. He says that "although a great total eclipse was visible at Jerusalem in A. D. 29, yet, in the year 33 no eclipse of importance took place.' Mr. Hind seems to have forgotten that in the opinion of most divines, Christ was born four years before the vulgar era, so that in the year 29 He would have been 33 years old. Remembering this point, it seems highly probable that the account of how "the sun was turned into darkness, and the moon into blood" may be a correct account, not only of the occurrence G. of an eclipse, but of an early observation of the now famous red Cambridge prominences. I HAVE to thank Mr. Buchanan White (NATURE, Sept. 12) for the statement that "many water-beetles are not only winged My error as to fact, however, has no but use their wings.' effect on the argument of my letter (NATURE, Sept. 5), which was, that although it is probable the first insects emerged from the water with their wings formed, yet the existing aquatic insects throw no light on the origin of the class. JOSEPH JOHN MURPHY Old Forge, Dunmurry, County Antrim During my last dredging cruise off the coast of Portugal, I enjoyed many opportunities of witnessing the brilliant and varied aspects under which such phosphorescence exhibits itself, though instances more strictly parallel with those quoted in the two communications referred to, occurred, perhaps, while returning by steamer from Lisbon, after its expiration. THE FLORA OF THE QUANTOCKS • THE geological formation and the historical associations of the Quantock Hills have been abundantly investi gated. Their natural productions, animal or vegetable, have not yet, so far as I know, been described or catalogued, although they contain specimens in both branches of Natural History singularly rare and sought after, and though more than one zoologist or botanist of note gares on them daily from the windows of his home. A paper whose conditions are that it should be light and popular, and that it should not exceed ten minutes in the delivery, cannot throw much scientific light upon the plants of the most limited region; but it may reveal sources of enjoy. On such favourable nights, as the vessel progressed through the waters, shoals of small fish might be seen darting away in every direction, themselves apparently luminous, and leaving behind them bright tracks of phosphoric light, while now and then a fish of larger size would make its appearance, producing a similar effect, though of proportionately greater brilliancy. The coupment and raise individual enthusiasm, and it may remind d'ail produced by their countless numbers was most magnificent, and in miniature vividly recalled to mind the meteoric showers that periodically illumine our summer nights. On all such occasions as the foregoing, the water when closely examined was invariably found to be literally teeming with Noctiluca miliaris, its presence being manifest again in the broad track of phosphoric light visible for many hundred yards in the wake of the vessel, while the shaft of the screw was brilliantly illuminated by their countless numbers, excited into active display of their phosphoric properties by the rapid revolutions of its ponderous blades. Had Mr. Hall examined the "globules of fatty matter" contained in the spray thrown on deck on the night he refers to, with the aid of the microscope, he would no doubt have traced the light to the same source, and discovered that each luminous point represented a single individual of the tiny rhizopod here mentioned. His hypothesis that they were possibly portions of "fatty matter" thrown off by the fish themselves, seems scarcely tenable, and more particularly if we accept, as we are bound to, that the luminous tracks left behind as the fish swims onwards are attributable to a like origin, and which immediately suggests that such rapid desiccation would exercise as ruinous an effect upon the poor animals' organisation as befell the celebrated racing pigeon of American notoriety, reported to have arrived at its destination bereft of every feather, lost one by one through the friction attendant upon the high rate of speed at which the bird had travelled. In addition to Noctiluca, innumerable other forms, such as minute Crustacea, Salpæ, jelly-fish, &c., contribute towards the ocean's nocturnal luminosity; but all these latter, and more especially the Salpa, for the most part display their light spontaneously, and are restricted to local and comparatively small areas of the ocean's surface; while in Noctiluca that luminosity is entirely latent, being dependent upon natural or artificial disturbance and excitement to bring it into action; and though exceedingly minute, the separate individuals rarely measuring the hundredth part of an inch in diameter, occur in such abundance that the whole surface of the sea is equally luminous when disturbed, being frequently so plentiful off our coasts that their aggregated bodies form a superficial crust of considerable thickness. Disturbance of the water at such times is immediately responded to by sheet-like flashes of luminosity, while any object passing through the water appears to be aglow itself, partly from the direct light, and partly from the reflected light produced by these microscopic protozoa. On the same principle the apparent luminosity of living fish is easily explained. Swimming through the water they necessarily disturb countless numbers of these living organisms, whose emitted light, actively scintillating for several seconds after the fish has passed, produces luminous tracks wherever the fish may travel, while its own silvery scales borrow and throw back the earliest coruscations it awakens in its onward course. [ At 10 11 gbill M ni aliup on equing robot bos W. SAVILLE KENT.. this meeting that the time has possibly come, when our These are all common flowers, whose names and hab |