represent to life the manifold use of friendship, is to cast and see how many things there are which a man cannot do himself; and then it will appear that it was a sparing speech of the ancients to say, "that a friend is another himself;" for that a friend is far more than himself. Men have their time, and die [35] many times in desire of some things which they principally take to heart; the bestowing of a child, the finishing of a work, or the like. If a man have a [36] true friend, he may rest almost secure that the care of those things will continue after him; so that a man hath, as it were, two lives in his desires. A man hath [37]

Himself: Point out the ambiguity, and change the language so as to remove the ambiguity.

[35.] Their time: their appointed, limited time of living. The bestowing, &c.: in marriage. Many times: Substitute a more accurate and less ambiguous expression. This sentence, in the Latin edition, is far more perspicuously expressed than in the English :-'Homines mortales sunt; quin et in medio operum aliquorum, quæ maxime affectant, sæpe moriuntur: veluti in collocatione filii in matrimonium; consummatione conatuum, et desideriorum suorum; et similibus.'

[36.] So that, &c.: So that he has in his desires the limit not of one life but of two. Thus in the Latin, which is more full than here:- 'Adeo ut fatum immaturum vix obsit; atque habeat quis in desideriis suis terminum non unius, sed duarum vitarum.'

[37.] As it were: a worthless superfluity of words here, as in many cases, in modern as well as more ancient speech and writing. It were better to omit it altogether, or to use some other phrase capable of being fairly analysed. It seems to be intended to intimate that what is said in connection is not to be taken literally or in the fullest extent; but such intimation is, or ever ought to be, superfluous. It is easy to apprehend

a body, and that body is confined to a place; but where friendship is, all offices of life are, as it were, granted to him and his deputy; for he may exercise them by [38] his friend. How many things are there, which a man cannot, with any face or comeliness, say or do him[39] self? A man can scarce allege his own merits with modesty, much less extol them; a man cannot sometimes brook to supplicate, or beg, and a number of the like; but all these things are graceful in a friend's mouth, which are blushing in a man's own. [40] So again, a man's person hath many proper rela[41] tions which he cannot put off. A man cannot speak to his son but as a father; to his wife but as a husband; to his enemy but on terms: whereas a friend may speak as the case requires, and not as it sorteth [42] with the person. But to enumerate these things were endless; I have given the rule, where a man can

without this anomalous admonition, when words are to be taken figuratively, or in a modified sense. In the Latin, the corresponding phrase is:-'Ut loquemur more tribulium aut firmariorum.' The same phrase in the next sentence has nothing in the Latin corresponding to it.

Scarce: Better form?

Brook: Synonyme? 'Young men cannot brook restraint.' 'We who cannot brook one lord.' -Macauley. Sometimes: Has this word its proper place The like: Supply the ellipsis.

in the sentence?

Blushing: a cause of blushes, or of shame. [Ad quæ erubescimus in persona propria.—Lat. Ed.]

[38.] Proper: peculiar.

"Faults proper to himself."-Shak.

[41.] Upon terms: (i. e.) of dignity. [Nisi salva dignitate.' -Lat. Ed.] As it sorteth, &c.: As it agreeth with the person; in adaptation to the relations of the person. [Neque ad respectus personæ alligatur.-Lat. Ed.]

not fitly play his own part; if he have not a friend, he

1. Repeat from memory the elegant sentences of this Essay.

2. Point out the inelegant ones.

3. Point out the obscure or ambiguous ones.

4. Point out the defective, incomplete ones

5. Divide the Essay, properly, into Paragraphs.

6. Make several sentences, respectively, out of §§ 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 19, 21, 31. Point out the obsolete words or phrases, or those whose meaning has changed since Bacon's time.

7. Make a careful Analysis of the Essay.

8. How is Aristotle vindicated from Bacon's censure?

9. Show that growth in Christian character does not disqualify for strong particular friendship?

10. Mistake corrected as to the usefulness of the monastic life?

11. Give an account of Epimenides; of Numa; of Empedocles, and of Apollonius. Describe the habits of the courtiers during the reign of James and of Charles.

12. What is said of Sylla; and of Severus; and of Louis XI?

13. Describe the Alchymists. Definition and origin of the word Arras? Misuse of the word by Bacon? State the case of Themistocles to which Bacon alludes.

14. Heraclitus and Democritus compared?

15. The use we are to make of our observations of the faults of others? 16. Note the words or phrases, whose meaning or form has changed, or which have become obsolete since Bacon wrote.

17. Remarks on the common phrase as it were?

ESSAY XV.

THE TRUE GREATNESS OF KINGDOMS AND ESTATES.

[1] THE speech of Themistocles, the Athenian, which was haughty and arrogant, in taking so much to himself, had been a grave and wise observation and [2] censure, applied at large to others. Desired at a feast to touch a lute, he said, "He could not fiddle, but yet he could make a small town a great city." [3] These words (holpen a little with a metaphor) may express two differing abilities in those that deal in business of estate; for, if a true survey be taken of counsellors and statesman, there may be found (though rarely) those which can make a small state great, and yet cannot fiddle; as, on the other side, there will be found a great many that can fiddle very cunningly, but yet are so far from being able to make a small state great, as their gift lieth the other way, to bring a great and flourishing estate to ruin and decay: and, certainly,

[1.] Had been: Equivalent form? ellipsis.

Applied: Supply

[2.] Desired: Is this concise form agreeable to modern usage? He said: i. e. Plutarch (Vit. Themist).

[3.] Holpen: modern form? 'They shall be holpen with a little help.'—Dan. 11:34. Explain this parenthetic clause. The clause in the Latin edition is quite different: 'Ad sensum politicum translata.' Estate is used in this Essay for

State.

"The estate is green, and yet ungoverned."-Shak.

Those which: Modern usage?

As their that their.

Cunningly: Synonyme?

those degenerate arts and shifts, whereby many counsellors and governors gain both favour with their masters, and estimation with the vulgar, deserve no better name than fiddling; being things rather pleasing for the time, and graceful to themselves only, than tending to the weal and advancement of the state which they serve. There are also (no doubt) counsellors and govern- [4] ors which may be held sufficient, "negotiis pares," able to manage affairs, and to keep them from precipices and manifest inconveniences; which, nevertheless, are far from the ability to raise and amplify an estate in power, means, and fortune: but be the workmen what they may be, let us speak of the work; that is, the true greatness of kingdoms and estates, and the means thereof. An argument fit for great and mighty [5] princes to have in their hand; to the end that neither by overmeasuring their forces, they lose themselves in vain enterprises; nor, on the other side, by undervaluing them, they descend to fearful and pusillanimous counsels.

The greatness of an estate in bulk and terri- [6]

[4.] Which may: Amend the phrase. 'equal to business.'

pression?

Negotiis pures:

But be, &c.: Another mode of exThat is: What word is to be supplied? This

phrase might be omitted, if a dash were used instead of the semi-colon, and this alteration is preferable.