monarchy. Cicero, writing to Atticus of Pompey [46] his preparation against Cæsar, saith, "Consilium Pompeii plane Themistocleum est; putat enim, qui mari potitur eum rerum potiri," and without doubt, Pompey had tired out Cæsar, if upon vain confidence he had not left that way. We see the great effect of battles [47] by sea: the battle of Actium decided the empire of the world; the battle of Lepanto arrested the greatness of the Turk. There be many examples, where sea- [48] fights have been final to the war: but this is when princes, or states, have set up their rest upon the battles; but thus much is certain, that he that commands the sea is at great liberty, and may take as much and as little of the war as he will; whereas those that be strongest by land are many times, nevertheless, in great straits. Surely, at this day, with us of Europe, [49] the vantage of strength at sea (which is one of the principal dowries of this kingdom of Great Britain) is great; both because most of the kingdoms of Europe are not thou hadst drawn that large and real map of the world, thou didst thus abridge it into this little table of man; he alone consists of heaven and earth, soul and body.'-Hall's Contemplations. [46.] Pompey his old form for Pompey's. Concilium, &c.: Pompey's plan is clearly that of Themistocles; for he judges that whoever becomes master of the sea will obtain the supreme power.'-Ad Attic. 10: 8. Had tired out: Better form of expression? [48.] Final to the war: Equivalent ? &c. Equivalent? [49.] Vantage : advantage. Set up their rest, "Yet you have all the vantage of her wrong.”—Shak. Merely completely, entirely. "6 'Ulysses was to force forth his access Though merely naked."-Chapman. Accessary: an accompaniment. merely inland, but girt with the sea most part of their compass; and because the wealth of both Indies seems, in great part, but an accessary to the command of the seas. [50] The wars of later ages seem to be made in the dark, in respect to the glory and honour which reflected [51] upon men from the wars in ancient time. There be now, for martial encouragement, some degrees and orders of chivalry, which, nevertheless, are conferred promiscuously upon soldiers and no soldiers, and some remembrance perhaps upon the escutcheon, and some hospitals for maimed soldiers and such like things; but, in ancient times, the trophies erected upon the place of the victory; the funeral laudatives and monuments for those that died in the wars; the crowns and garlands personal; the style of emperor, which the great kings of the world after borrowed; the triumphs of the generals upon their return; the great donatives and largesses upon the disbanding of the armies, were things able to inflame all men's courage; but, above all, that of the triumph amongst the Romans was not pageants, or gaudery, but one of the wisest and noblest institutions that ever was; for it contained three things; [51.] Be: modern usage. tions. Degrees: honorary distincEscutcheon: From the Latin seutum, a leather shield; the shield of a family, on which the family arms were represented. [Etiam in scutis gentilitiis stemmata nonnulla habemus. Lat. Ed.] Laudatives: panegyrics, or encomiums. The first was a laudative of monarchy.'-Bacon's Emperor: the translation of the Latin word 'imperator,' designating a commander of a Roman army. Able: Synonyme? Pageants: pompous show. Gaudery: Ostentatious finery. Speech. "The utmost gaudery of youth.”—South. Except: Substitute a better word. Impropriate appropriate. A supercilious tyranny, impropriating the Spirit of God to themselves.'-Milton. honour to the general, riches to the treasury out of the spoils, and donatives to the army: but that honour, perhaps, were not fit for monarchies; except it be in the person of the monarch himself, or his sons; as it came to pass in the times of the Roman emperors, whe did impropriate the actual triumphs to themselves and their sons, for such wars as they did achieve in person, and left only for wars achieved by subjects some triumphal garments and ensigns to the general. To conclude: no man can by care-taking (as [52] the Scripture saith) "add a cubit to his stature," in this little model of a man's body; but in the great frame of kingdoms and commonwealths, it is in the power of princes, or estates, to add amplitude and. greatness to their kingdoms; for by introducing such ordinances, constitutions, and customs, as we have now touched, they may sow greatness to their posterity and succession: but these things are commonly not observed, but left to take their chance. [52.] The Scripture: Mat. 6: 27; Luke 12: 25. Touched: Synonyme? 'If the antiquaries have touched it, they have immediately quitted it.'-Addison. What metaphor is implied? 1. Break up the longest sentences into two or more. 2. Point out the elegant sentences, or phrases. Sow: Equivalent ? 3. Point out happy illustrations of the use of Scripture. 4. What proof does the Essay furnish of the author's knowledge of ancient and modern history? 5. In what embellishments does this Essay abound? 6. Relate the facts drawn from the History of Henry VII. Correction of Bacon's statement in regard to the policy of ancient Rome? The Pragmatical Sanction? 7. Write an Analysis of the Essay. 8. Revise the distribution into paragraphs. Point out obsolete words or phrases. 9. Examine the connectives employed by Bacon, and decide the question whether in each case they are needed, or the best that could be employed. In the use of this part of speech, he is rather profuse, and often careless, and inelegant. ESSAY XVI. REGIMEN OF HEALTH. [1] THERE is a wisdom in this beyond the rules of physic; a man's own observation, what he finds good of, and what he finds hurt of, is the best physic to preserve health; but it is a safer conclusion to say, "This agreeth not well with me, therefore I will not continue it;" than this, "I find no offence of this, therefore I may use it;" for strength of nature in youth passeth over many excesses which are owing a man till his age. [2] Discern of the coming on of years, and think not [1.] It is remarkable that Bacon should have said nothing in this Essay, of early or late hours; though it is a generally received opinion that early hours are conducive to longevity. There is a proverb that "Early to bed, and early to rise, Makes a man healthy, and wealthy, and wise." And this is the more remarkable as being the proverb of a nation whose hours are the latest of any.-W. Regimen: Synonyme ? In this: Supply ellipsis. Good of.... hurt of: What preposition does usage now require ? Offence of this: injury from this. 'Offence' is now seldom applied to physical injury. The pains of the touch are greater than the offences of the senses.'-Bacon. 'To do offence and scath in Christendom.'-Shak. Passeth over: Equivalent ? Owing: used in a passive sense, con- trary to analogy, instead of owen or owed. [2.] Discern of: used in an obsolete sense-take cognizance of. Still: Paraphrase. 1 to do the same things still; for age will not be defied. Beware of sudden change in any great point of [3] diet, and, if necessity enforce it, fit the rest to it; for it is a secret both in nature and state, that it is safer to change many things than one. Examine thy [4] customs of diet, sleep, exercise, apparel, and the like; and try, in any thing thou shalt judge hurtful, to discontinue it by little and little; but so as, if thou dost find any inconvenience by the change, thou come back to it again: for it is hard to distinguish that which is generally held good and wholesome, from that which is good particularly, and fit for thine own body. To [5] be free-minded and cheerfully disposed at hours of meat and sleep, and of exercise, is one of the best precepts of long lasting. As for the passions and studies [6] [3.] Great point: Equivalent? of diet. [4.] Customs: Synonyme? The rest other articles be supplied? ellipsis. : To any, &c.: What should Meat: [5.] Free-minded: free from care and perplexity. food; meals. "As he sat at his meat, the music played sweet."—Old Ballad. Of long lasting for securing long endurance-long life. [6.] As for the passions, &c.: Of persons who have led a temperate life, those will have the best chance of longevity who have done hardly any thing else but live; what may be called the neuter verbs-not active or passive, but only being: who have had little to do, little to suffer; but have led a life of quiet retirement, without exertion of body or mind,-avoiding all troublesome enterprise, and seeking only a comfortable obscurity. Such men, if of a very strong constitution, and if they escape any remarkable calamities, are likely to live long. But much affliction, or much exertion, and, still more, both |