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it appear that Popish principles had nothing to do with the expedition, are the objects which Dr. Lingard has proposed to himself, in this portion of his history. I shall have occasion to notice more than one instance of flagrant misrepresentation in the doctor's voluminous work. In all matters connected with the history of the Church of Rome it is most partial and dishonest. With respect to Mary it may be sufficient to observe, that she was privy to and a party consenting to the plots, the object of which was to seat her on the throne of England. Three objects were constantly kept in view by the seminary Priests, namely, the assassination of Elizabeth, the substitution of Mary in her room, and the extirpation of Protestantism. As long as Mary existed the Jesuits entertained the hope of raising her to the English throne: and to their practices, and her own concurrence in their proceedings, must her death be attributed*. After Mary's death, the Pope and the Jesuits contemplated the reduction of England to the see of Rome, by open force.

* TURNER'S Elizabeth, 4to., 517, 546. The question is more fully discussed in a previous work of the author's, The State of Popery and Jesuitism in England, p. 84, 85.

26

CHAPTER II.

The Armada. Books on the subject. Litany and Prayers. Monks and Friars on board. English Fugitives. Letter to Mendoza. Cardinal Allen. Translates the Bull. Allen's

Admonition. The Pope implicated.

It was rumoured in England in the spring of 1588, that the vast preparations of Philip were destined to act against this country. The number of ships of all classes amounted to about 130. 20,000 soldiers, with 8350 seamen, 2080 galley slaves, and 2360 pieces of ordnance, were on board the fleet. So confident were the Spaniards of success, that no cost was spared in fitting out the armament; for it was believed that the treasures of England would soon become the property of Spain. When it was first determined to invade England, Antonio de Colonna, duke of Paliano, was appointed to the command of the fleet, and the Marquis of Santa Cruz to that of the army; but, during the preparations, both these noblemen died. Another admiral was therefore appointed, and the Duke of Medina Sidonia was entrusted with the command of the army*. The Duke of Parma also was occupied in preparing transports to be in readiness to sail as soon as the Armada should be off the coast of Flanders.

*CARTE, vol. iii., p. 626.

Many particulars, respecting the Armada, were specified in a work published in Spain during the progress of the preparations. Philip also caused it to be printed in the Spanish, Latin, Italian, French, and Dutch languages; but not in English. It would seem, that the accounts in these different languages varied in some minor matters; at least such is my impression from the words of Strype in his allusion to the subject*. The Spanish book, however, was soon known in England. The Armada was styled, "La Felicissima Armada." It is remarkable that Cecil always obtained the earliest intelligence of the movements and intentions of the enemy. This book soon fell into his hands: "In which book," says Strype, "in divers places, I have seen notes added by the pen pen of that nobleman, soon after the defeat: as what captains were taken or slain, or what ships were sunk or takent." Another copy of the same book was seen, during the same year, by John Stow, the annalist. It is probable, too, that other copies found their way to England. One, however, was sufficient to make known the intentions of Spain, and to put Elizabeth on her guard. During the same year, a translation from the French edition was printed by Wolf, who, at that time, was celebrated as a printer in London‡. * STRYPE'S Annals, vol. iii., part ii., p. 17.

Ibid. p. 18.

The title of the work was as follows: "A Discourse of that Armada, which the King of Spain caused to be assembled in the haven of Lisbon, in the kingdom of Portugal, in the year 88,

The number of the vessels, with the soldiers, and seamen, was specified in this work: so that the people generally were made acquainted with the intentions of King Philip. By these and similar means, the feelings of the Queen's subjects were stirred up to meet the coming danger.

Other documents were afterwards found on board the ships which were taken. A Litany had been prepared for daily use previous to the sailing of the Armada; and some copies were preserved after the dispersion of the fleet. Its title is sufficient to indicate its nature, and also the views of the Spaniards; it was this: "Litaniæ et preces pro felici successu classis Catholici Regis nostri Philippi adversus Angliæ hereticos, veræ fidei impugnatores. De mandato serenissimi principis Cardinalis: excudebat Antonius Riberius, 1588." The very title shows that heresy was the cause of the projected invasion. The English are called opposers of the true faith; and on this account, they were to be subdued to the yoke of the King of Spain. Certain clauses from the Litany itself establish the same fact. It may be seen in the valuable collection of papers inserted by Strype in his Annals*.

Besides those who were actually employed by the Spanish Government, there were many men of family against England. The which began to go out of the haven the 29th and the 30th of May." Besides the books, the ministers of Elizabeth were made acquainted with the designs of the Spaniards by intercepted letters.

* STRYPE'S Annals, vol. iii., part ii., p. 539-40.

and influence, who sailed as volunteers, ready of course to seize any opportunity of advancing their own interests, if the effort should be crowned with success. Some indeed, as the Duke of Savoy with others, considered the act as meritorious, on the ground of the Pope's indulgence, and because the Queen was excommunicated; but the greater part of those who accompanied the fleet in that character were evidently in expectation of acquiring estates and possessions in England as a conquered country. When the whole of their proceedings was made public, and it became known that such numbers accompanied the fleet as volunteers, the people could not come to any other conclusion, than that these individuals expected to acquire wealth in this country: nor is there any reason to doubt the soundness of that conclusion*.

Not only was the armament blessed by the Pope, but no less than 180 Monks and Friars were dispersed over the various vessels to take care of the spiritual interests of the soldiers and seamen. The number has indeed been estimated much higher; but I choose to follow that calculation, which is evidently under rather than over-stated t. Superstition had its influence, as

* STRYPE'S Annals, vol. iii., part ii., p. 20. ECHARD, vol. i.,

p. 868.

+Ibid., p. 21. I have had occasion, in a previous work, to notice the inaccuracies of the continuation of the History of England commenced by Sir James Mackintosh. As far as the work was conducted by Sir James, it was honest and impartial; but a different tone and spirit are adopted by the conti

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