When, in the execution of that work, the maps of the general staff, which were prepared to a scale of 1: 25000, were compared, it was shown in a prominent manner that geological maps constructed according to that scale would be of infinitely greater value both for scientific and practical purposes than maps constructed at a scale of 1:100000. It was, therefore, decided to accept the scale of 1:25000 as a basis for all the maps of the entire State.

The execution of the survey and the construction of the maps on the prescribed scale was commenced in various portions of the State. First of all, attention was given to the provinces of Hesse and Hanover, which, in 1866, had been added to the Kingdom, because they would form a continuation of the survey already begun of the Harz Mountains and the Thuringian Forest. It then was extended to the former Duchy of Nassau, the southern portion of the Rhine province and to the plains of North Germany and to the provinces of Silesia.

The Kingdom of Saxony, Alsace-Lorraine, and the Grand Duchy of Hesse have since adopted the Prussian plan and have consented to the construction of a geological map on a scale of 1:25000.

As regards the organization of the geological survey, it may be stated that since 1862 geological surveys were made by teachers of mineralogy at the mining academy at Berlin. The building of this academy contained the geological and mineralogical collections intended both for instruction and for explorations, and the results of the surveys were worked out in that building.

On January 1, 1873, the Royal Geological Institute was established, and on April 8, 1875, received the final statutes, as follows:

• SEC. 1. It is the object of the Geological Institute to execute the geological examinations of the Kingdom of Prussia and to digest the results in a manner to make them available and useful to science, as well as to the economic interest of the country.

SEC. 2. In accordance with the above the Geological Institute will execute the following work: (1) The construction and publication of a geological map of the entire state, on the basis of the original surveys of the General Staff, on a scale of 1:25000. This chart is to contain a representation of the geological formations, condition of the soil, and the occurrence of useful stone and minerals, and is to be accompanied by descriptive text. (2) The construction of a geological chart on a basis of 1: 100000. (3) The publication of monographs on geological or mineralogical objects of special interest. (4) The publication of essays on geological, paleontological, or montanistic contents, supplementing the geological chart. (5) The collection and preservation of all documents obtained in the construction of the publi cations. All these, together with profiles and other representations and illustrations, will be combined in the Geological Museum, to which are to be connected the technological collections of the "Museum of Mining and Metallurgy." These combined collections will afford a very H. Mis. 224

complete representation of the geological structure, composition of soil, mineral wealth, and of the industries of the country based thereon. (6) The collection and preservation of geological specimens and information relating thereto.

SEC. 3. The superintendency of the Geological Institute will be placed into the hands of two directors appointed by the King, one of them to be the director of the Royal Mining Academy. The works of the Geological Institute will be performed, under their direction, by geologists of the Government and assistants.

SEC. 18. The Geological Institute and the Mining Academy are placed under the Ministry of commerce, industry, and public works. The director of the mining academy is to conduct the business of the Institute. He will be assisted by a board of trustees, to be appointed by the Minister of commerce, industry, and public works, who are obliged to participate in the organic arrangement and in the determination of the regular course of instruction.

The library consists of about 36,000 volumes, relating to mining, smelting, salines, mineralogy, geology, geography, ethnography, paleontology, and scientific explorations. A large portion is represented by the former mining library of the department.

Its use is intended primarily for the Institute and the Academy, and their professors and students, as well as for the other divisions of the department of public works. The privilege may however be extended to other persons. Connected with the library is a reading-room, which is open to the public on all days of the week from 10 A. M. to 2 P. M., but is closed during the month of September.

VI. THE TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL.

The Technical High School originated on April 1, 1879, in the uniting of the Royal Academy for Architects (founded in 1799) with the Technological Institute (founded in 1821).

Its organization is regulated by a constitutional statute of July 28, 1882. Its object is to afford a higher education in all technical and industrial branches and to promote the sciences and arts which form part of technical education.

The Technical High School presents five divisions: (1) architecture; (2) civil engineering; (3) machine engineering and naval architecture; (4) chemistry and metallurgy; (5) general sciences.

The regular professors receive their appointment from the King. The plan of instruction applies to a yearly term; the students have the selection of the lectures and of the exercises desired by them.

Admittance is granted to graduates from Prussian high schools. Others may be accepted upon the personal decision of the rector as to their qualification.

Each division is managed by a director, who is assisted by a committee selected from among the teachers of the respective divisions, while the rector and the senate supervise the entire high school,

Each division is complete in itself. It is the duty of the committees of teachers to oversee the scientific instruction of the students within their own section. Its president, elected from among their own number, communicates with the rector and the senate.

The senate consists of the rector, as presiding officer, the retired rector (prorector), the chiefs of the divisions, the chief of the section of naval architecture, and a number of teachers appointed by the various committees for the term of two years.

The position of private lecturer may be obtained by adhesion to one of the existing divisions. The applicant is required to furnish the following documentary evidence: (1) a curriculum vitae; (2) graduation from a high school (gymnasium or realschule); (3) testimonial of a three-years academic study and proof of the successful performance of the first technical examination required by the state or of the diploma examination at some German technical high school, or of the doctor degree of some German university; (4) proof of a continued three-years course of scientific or artistic study following the university term; (5) a manuscript or printed essay on the specialty of the applicant (architects may replace the essay by plans or by bringing satisfactory proof of having had charge of some important construction); (6) an official testimonial of character, and in case the applicant is a German, proof of his having performed his military duties. All the above conditions having been complied with to the satisfaction of the division, the applicant is required to hold one lecture and to subject himself to an examination.

The corps of teachers at present consists of fifty-seven professors and twenty-four private teachers.

The Mineralogical Institute.—In addition to the lecture-rooms the Institute comprises: (1) The laboratory for crystallographic-physical, and chemico-mineralogical experiments; (2) a mineralogical collection; (3) a geological collection; (4) the mineralogical museum.

The lectures combine a course for the practical determination of minerals by microchemical tests and by blow-pipe, determinations of rocks, and instructions for geological surveying.

The public museum, comprising two halls, contains: (1) The systematic mineralogical collection (Tamnau); (2) a mineralogic-technical collection; and (3) the geological collection.

The geological room contains a collection from the Gotthard Tunnel, together with geological profile of the Gotthard in the plane of the axis of the tunnel; projection, 1:2000; a geological collection arranged according to formations.

The Laboratory for Inorganic Chemistry.-The laboratory has room for sixty-six operators; they occupy two larger and two smaller halls. Separate rooms are provided for special work.

An auditory of one hundred and seventy seats is situated within the middle section; it connects with rooms for preparation and collections.

The Laboratory of Organic Chemistry.—Erected by Prof. A. Baeyer in 1860, with eighteen students as part of the former Technical Academy. It was enlarged to forty places on occassion of the re-construction of the Technical High School. It is used by students of the fifth and sixth terms. The studies comprise analytical and preparative exercises in the field of organic chemistry; facilities are given for independent researches.

The Metallurgical Laboratory.-The institute is the most recent of the laboratories of the Technical High School. In addition to the lecture rooms, and the room for the instruction of drawing and projecting, of smelting works, etc., the Laboratory comprises: (1) the metallurgical laboratory; (2) the assaying laboratory, and the metallurgical collection.

The assay laboratory of sixteen seats, and separated from the assay room by a glass door, occupies a separate room. It is provided with all necessary apparatus, consisting of muffles, wind furnaces of various sizes, tables, and quenching troughs, etc.

A forge and some storage rooms complete the facilities of the laboratory.

The Laboratory confines itself to the examination of metals, flux, smelting products, fuel; it pays special attention to gas analysis in its relation to generator gases, noxious gases, etc.; to electrolysis; to the examination and production of fire-proof articles.

The Laboratory of Technical Chemistry.-Established in 1884, the Laboratory occupies rooms on the second floor for an auditory and chemicotechnological collection consisting principally of raw materials of interest to the chemical industry, especially those employed in ceramics, glass manufactory, textile industry, manufactory of sugar, also intermixtures, and finished articles.

The Photo-chemical Laboratory.—It was established in 1864 as part of the instructions of the Technological Institute; photographic experiments were added in 1865, experiments with intermittent light in 1870, spectral analysis in 1873, lectures on electric-lighting in 1881, and lectures on interior application of electric light in 1886. The object of the Laboratory has received due consideration in the re-organization of the Technical High School.

The Royal Mechanico-technical Institute.-The object of the Institute is to make official tests of materials required in technics, with the exception of building materials, and to undertake scientific examinations in that direction. It was established in 1871, and in 1878 received its present organization, which provides for the general supervision of this and of its connection with and relation to other similar establishments by the royal commission for the supervision of the technical experimental institutes.

The Institute comprises three divisions, of which the first is to experiment on finished articles of metals, belts, ropes, chains, woods,

machinery, etc., while the second division has to test on the principle of Wöhler-Spangenberg duration experiments, and the third is confined to the official testing of paper. A mechanical workshop has been placed under the charge of the second superintendent.

The Institute owns two excellent machines for the testing of finished articles, having a power of 100,000 and 50,000 kilograms (system Werder and Marten's), six smaller machines for the same purpose, eleven machines for duration tests, photographic, microscopic, etc., apparatus.

The Royal Testing Station of Building Materials.-This was founded on March 1, 1871, in connection with the Technical High School; it decides as to the quality of cements and other building material furnished to the Government. The station owns apparatus for the testing of durability and other physical properties of burnt and unburnt artificial stone, natural stone, cement, plaster, lime, clay pipes, and all other building material.

The hydraulic press of the station, of 140,000 kilograms (308,646 pounds) pressure, permits the test of bodies (including pillars of brick or natural stone) of 1 meter height and of 55 by 55cm diameter. Tests can be made both as to the stone and to the binding material.

A 20-fold lever is employed in testing the resistance of cylindrical bodies, and a 30 fold lever is used in the testing of elasticity of roofing paper and of the adhesiveness of mortar.

Tests of clay pipes are made by horizontal pressure of from 20 to 30 atmospheres to 1 to 3 meters internal diameter.

The tests of cement are made in accordance with the rulings of November 12, 1878, of the Ministry of commerce, industry, and public works.

With regard to adhesiveness of cement and cement mortar, a 50-fold normal lever apparatus is used with sample piece of 59 centimeters at the point of rupture; in pressure tests and break tests the hydraulic press, a 500-fold lever and a 20-fold lever are employed.

With regard to fineness of grain, sieves of from 600, 900, and 5,000 meshes to the square centimeter are employed. In ail cement tests the officially introduced normal sand alone finds employment.

A horizontal disk of emery, operated by a gas-motor, which also operates a diamond plane machine used in finishing the bodies for pressure tests, is employed in the experiments as to the wear of the building materials.

VII. THE VETERINARY COLLEGE AND THE MILITARY SCHOOL OF FAR

RIERY.

[Omitted here.]

VIII.-OTHER SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL INSTITUTES.

The Astro-physical Observatory.-Until the first quarter of the present century astronomy employed itself almost exclusively with the discovery