Scandinavian countries, which has become essentially a history of its developments in the North, with a single remark. It is possible that some persons may be surprised that under the title of pre-historic archæology I include works treating of Roman antiquities or dating even from a later period. It is because the Scandinavian countries were plunged in pre-historic darkness until nearly the year 1000 of our era. The knowledge of northern doings and developments before that epoch should be sought there principally in an empirical manuer, by the inductive study of all the archæological materials, whatever they may be. The word pre-historic has a signification altogether relative. The conditions of France, for instance, about the year 2000 before our era, are absolutely pre-historic, while the civilization of the valley of the Nile, having followed its course for many centuries, was already in the full light of history.

PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN 1889.

By Prof. OTIS T. MASON.

INTRODUCTION.

Merely for the convenience of bringing together those subjects that are most akin, and not to draw hard and fast lines in a vigorously growing science, the same method will be pursued here as in last year's summary. The order of presentation will be: General or Encyclopædic Anthropology, Biology, Psychology, Ethnology, Language, Technology, Archæology, Sociology, Philosophy, Folk-lore and Religion, and Hexiology.

Under the heading of Encyclopædic Anthropology, the following classific concepts cover the entire ground:

(1) General treatises, annual addresses, courses of lectures, dictionaries, encyclopædias, general discussions, classifications of the science. (2) Societies, their organization, scope, enterprises, history, and lists of their publications.

(3) Journals, proceedings and transactions, the organs of associated bodies.

(4) Periodicals, like L'Anthropologie, devoted wholly or in part to anthropology.

(5) Annual assemblies, caucuses, congresses, general meetings of a national or international character.

(6) Laboratories for general study.

(7) Museums and collections, public and private, their scope, contents, methods, catalogues and history. Expositions.

(8) Albums, galleries, portfolios, methods of illustrating anthropology.

(9) Libraries on anthropology, catalogues, bibliographies, check-lists, and devices for ready reference, classification of books.

(10) Instructions to collectors.

I.-GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY.

(1) Each year some distinguished anthropologist brings together the results of his lifetime work in a general treatise upon the natural history of man. In accordance with this unwritten law the historian

calls attention to the works of Sergi and Turner in the current year. Characteristic addresses were delivered by Galton and Virchow, the former before the annual meeting of the Anthropological Institute, the latter before the general meeting of German anthropologists in Vienna. The volumes of the Bibliothèque Anthropologique continue to make their appearance. This series is designed to give expression to the ripest thoughts of the French Société d'Anthropologie. The series of Smithsonian Annual Reports now embraces two volumes instead of one, as formerly. Part I contains general papers; while in Part II will be found only such as are based on material in the National Museum collections.

(2) Happily for the diffusion of knowledge, innumerable societies and organizations are now to be found in every land, studying mankind. It would be well to enumerate them all. The best collection of titles will be found in the very last Smithsonian list of foreign and home correspondents. Scudder's catalogue has already become antiquated by the death of many societies and the birth of others. Indeed the anthropological part of it was never full. Nothing is more desirable, and the suggestion is here made with the hope of stirring up an interest in the subject. In the bibliography appended to this report most of the great national societies are noticed, especially in connection with their journals and proceedings. The personnel of the American local societies is generally represented in the American Association. The same is true of England and France. The leading spirits of local or ganizations are to be seen in the British Association and the French Association. It is only in Germany that a general anthropological annual meeting is held, in which the sole topic considered is the natural history of man. The national organization of Germany is most complete in this regard. Every meeting publishes a stenographic report in Correspondenz-Blatt.

(3) What is true of societies is true of their journals. A full list can not be given. If the following should be carefully studied, nearly all that is good will be found reviewed or at least catalogued by author and by title.

The American Anthropologist, Washington; Archiv für Anthropologie, Braunschweig; Archivio per l' Antropologia, Firenze; Bulletins de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris; Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, London; Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London; Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, in Wien; Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, Berlin.

(4) The most gratifying statement to be made in this summary is the fact that every popular magazine, weekly or daily newspaper, and every course of lectures for the people, contains a great deal of the very best anthropological material. It is frequently said nowadays to the publishing committees of technical and scientific journals, "We can not

afford to have our papers appear in our society organ because the subscription periodicals offer good prices for them." This fact marks an epoch in the history of anthropological literature and invites the societies to explore new fields to which the general reader has not arrived. Indeed it is impossible to chronicle all the periodicals of purely scientific character that lend their pages to our pens.

If the following journals be scrutinized in their original papers, reviews, and book-lists, little that is desirable will escape the reader:

Academy, London; American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, Mendou, Ill.; The American Naturalist, New York; L'Anthropologie, Paris; Athenæum, London; Ausland, Stuttgardt; Internationale Archiv für Ethnographie, Leiden; Nature, London; The Popular Science Monthly, New York; Science, New York.

5. The four events of national interest each year are, the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Association Francaise pour l'Avancement des Sciences, and the Allgemeine Versammlung der deutschen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie. During the year 1889, the first named met in Newcastle-on-Tyne, the second in Toronto, the third in Paris, in connection with the Exposition, the fourth in Vienna.

The programme of the anthropological section of the British Association was as follows: Marks for bodily efficiency in examination of candidates for public service, Francis Galton. Early failure of pairs of grinding teeth, W. W. Smith. Development of the wisdom teeth, Redolfo Livi. Left-leggedness, W. K. Sibley. Occasional eighth true rib in man, D. J. Cunningham. Proportion of bone and cartilage in the lumbar section of the vertebral column in apes and in men, id. Model of the head of a man said to be one hundred and six years old, id. Head and shoulders of a young orang, id. European origin of early Egyptian art, J. Wilson. African airs and musical instruments, Governor Maloney. The Vikings the ancestors of English-speaking nations, P. B. du Chaillu. Origin of the Aryans, Isaac Taylor. Ethnological significance of the beech, Isaac Taylor. Right of property in trees on another's land, Hyde Clarke. Report of committee on the tribes of Asia Minor. Report of committee on anthropological notes and queries. Report of committee on anthropological measures taken at Bath. New anthropometric instrument for the use of travelers, F. Galton. Instruments for measuring re-action time, id. The Smithsonian Institution in relation to Anthropology, T. Wilson. The study of ethonology in India, H. H. Risley. Former beliefs and customs of Torres Straits islanders, A. C. Haddon. Notes collected at Morvat, New Guinea, Edward Beardmore. The British race in Australia, Dr. McLaurin. Color of the skin in certain Oriental races, T. Beddoe. Temperature of negroes and Europeans in tropical countries, R. W. Fellein. Sensibility in Europeans and in negroes, id. The Esquimaux, Fridtj of Nansen. Northumberland in prehistoric times, G. H. Mis. 224-38