RULES FOR VERBS 139 DEFECTIVE AND REDUNDANT VERBS Defective verbs are those which lack some of the prin cipal parts. Ex. ·Beware from be and aware, is used mostly in the imperative mode, but may be used wherever be would occur in the conjugation of the verb to be; as, “Beware the awful avalanche!" "If angels fell, why should not men beware?" Ought used in both present and past tenses; as, "I know I ought to go" (now); "I knew he ought to have gone" (then). Quoth used for said; as, "Not I,' quoth Sancho." It always stands before its subject. Quod is also used in the same sense, by old authors. Wit in the sense of know; as, "To wit," i.e. namely. Wot, wis, wert, wist, wote, derived from wit, are found in old authors. Most of the auxiliaries are also defective, lacking the perfect participle. Redundant verbs are those which have more than one form for their past tense or perfect participle. Ex. Cleave; cleft, clove, or clave; cleft, cloven, or cleaved. CXLII. RULES FOR VERBS RULE XIII. A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. RULE XIV. — A verb with two or more subjects in the singular connected by and, must be plural. RULE XV. — A verb with two or more subjects in the singular connected by or or nor, must be singular. RULE XVI. —An infinitive may be used as a noun in any case except the possessive. RULE XVII. - An infinitive not used as a noun depends upon the word it limits. CXLIII. ORDER OF PARSING VERBS I. A verb, and why? 2. Regular or irregular, and why? 3. Give its principal parts. 4. Copulative, transitive, or intransitive, and why? 5. Voice, and why? 6. Mode, and why? 7. Tense, and why? Inflect the tense. 8. Person and number, and why? Rule. MODELS FOR PARSING Mary has recited her lesson. "Has recited" is a verb; it is a word which expresses being, action, or state regular; it forms its past tense and perfect participle by adding ed: principal parts are pres., recite, past, recited, perfect participle, recited: transitive; it requires the addition of an object to complete its meaning: active voice; it represents the subject as acting: common form; it represents a customary act: indicative mode; it asserts a thing as actual: present perfect tense; it represents a past act as completed in present time: third person, singular number; to agree with its subject, "Mary," according to Rule XIII.: “A verb must agree with its subject in person and number." I shall go if you stay. "Shall go" is a verb; irregular; it does not form its past tense and perfect participle by adding ed: principal parts are go, went, gone: intransitive; common form; indicative mode; future tense; first person, singular number. (Rule XIII.) "Stay" is a verb; regular; principal parts (give them): intransitive; common form; subjunctive mode; it represents an act as conditional: present tense in form, but denotes future time: second person, plural number. (Rule XIII.) ORDER OF PARSING VERBS He should have answered my letter. 14I "Should have answered" is a verb; regular ; principal parts (give them): transitive; active voice; common form; potential mode; it represents an act as obligatory: past perfect tense, it is the form used to represent an act as completed at or before some other act: third person, singular number. (Rule XIII.) Bring me a glass of water. “Bring” is a verb; irregular; principal parts (give them): transitive; active voice; common form; imperative mode; present tense; second person, singular number, to agree with its subject "thou" understood. (Rule XIII.) He attempted to ascend the mountain. "To ascend" is an infinitive verb; regular; principal parts (give them): transitive; active voice; common form; present tense; object of "attempted." (Rule VI.) The letter was written yesterday. "Was written" is a verb; irregular; principal parts (give them): transitive; passive voice; it represents the subject as being acted upon: indicative mode; past tense; third person, singular number. (Rule XIII.) Liberty is sweet. "Is" is a verb; irregular; principal parts (give them): copulative; it is used to connect the predicate "sweet" with the subject “liberty": indicative mode; present tense; third person, singular number, to agree with its subject "liberty." (Rule XIII.) He was considered rich. "Was considered " is a verb; regular; principal parts (give them): passive form; copulative; indicative mode; past tense; third person, singular number. (Rule XIII.) The fields look green. "Look" is a verb; regular; principal parts (give them): copula tive; it connects the predicate "green" with the subject "fields": indicative mode; present tense; third person, plural number. (Rule XIII.) John hastened to assist us. "To assist" is an infinitive verb; regular; principal parts (give them): transitive; active voice; it depends upon "hastened." (Rule XVII.) To lie is disgraceful. "To lie" is an infinitive verb; regular; principal parts (give them): it is the subject of the sentence, "To lie is disgraceful," and is in the nominative case. (Rule I.) He has been reading Shakespeare. "Has been reading" is a verb; irregular; principal parts (give them): active voice; progressive form; it denotes continuance of action: indicative mode; present perfect tense; third person, singular number. (Rule XIII.) That man did buy our house. "Did buy" is a verb; irregular; principal parts (give them): active voice; emphatic form; it denotes assertion with emphasis: indicative mode; past tense; third person, singular number. (Rule XIII.) Parse the nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs in the following 3. My father brought me some pineapples when he came from the city. 4. She had gone to walk. 5. When do you intend to return my umbrella? 6. The workmen should have been more careful. 7. Hallowed be thy name. 8. Respect the aged. 9. I could not learn to do it. 10. The weather was unpleasant. have been more industrious. 12. Shall I assist you? 13. How many regiments were mustered out? 14. Have all the gifts of II. He should healing? 15. Remember thy Creator in the days of thy youth. 17. We were speedily con 16. The poor must work in their grief. 18. Hear, father, hear our prayer! 19. That very law that molds a tear, And bids it trickle from its source, The praise of Him who is thy God, Thy Savior, and thy king. 21. If parts allure thee, think how Bacon shined, ROGERS. 22. If goodness lead him not, yet weariness PASSIVE FORMS. 1. He was sheep were destroyed by wolves. 4. You, he, and I were invited. POPE. beaten with many stripes. topher Columbus. 6. He has been elected mayor of our city. 7. The work might have been finished. -I. He PROGRESSIVE, EMPHATIC, AND INTERROGATIVE FORMS. is writing a letter. 2. They should have been studying their lessons. 3. They were digging for gold. 4. I do wish you were here. 5. He did not commit forgery. 6. How do you learn so fast? 7. Why does he persist in denying it? 8. Where were you going when I met you? CAUTION I.-General truths should be expressed in the present tense. |