Write correctly: — 1. I have always thought that dew fell or falls. 2. He proved that the earth was or is round. 3. I should think it is or was time for the bell to ring. 4. He told me that every star was or is a sun. not know that brass is or was made of zinc and copper. radiate or radiates best from rough substances. 5. I did 6. Heat will CAUTION II. Do not use the perfect participle to express past time, or the past tense form instead of the perfect participle. Write correctly : — I. I come or came here last Saturday. 2. John did or done it: I seen or saw him. 3. I have saw or seen an old friend to-day. 4. The bridge had fallen or fell: it was broken or broke in two. 5. The cars have ran or run off the track. 6. The bells ringed or rang when we come or came into town. 7. The letter was wrote or written in haste. 8. He has gone or went and brung or brought some snow into the house. 9. The wind has blown or blowed the fence down. 10. His face has wore or worn a sad expression for some time. CAUTION III. Do not use is n't or aint for is not, have n't or haint for have not, 't aint for it is not, might of for might have, etc. 3. I Fill the following blanks correctly: — 1. I learned my lesson. 2. right to disturb the meeting. you going east this summer? 4. You might known that well. 5. He could helped you. CAUTION IV. — Never use will for shall, or would for ORAL LESSON not be at home to-morrow evening. CAUTION V.- In expressing a supposition, use the sub junctive mode to denote doubt or denial, and the indicative mode to express a fact or anything assumed as a fact. Fill the following blanks correctly :— CAUTION VI.—When one verb form depends upon another, be careful to see that the real meaning is conveyed by the tense and mode of the dependent form. Write correctly: — 4. I have consid 1. I hoped every minute to see or to have seen you. 2. I feared that the giant would have killed or would kill us. 3. You would have done better to leave or to have left the city earlier. erable anxiety lest she come or comes to grief. 5. It is necessary that the steamer sails or sail early. 6. Would, O my master, that the vessel was or were at hand. 7. I hope that it comes or will come in time. THE ADVERB CXLVI. ORAL LESSON Jane sang a song. What element is "song"? Jane sang a song sweetly. Does "sweetly" complete the meaning of the predicate? What word is modified by it, however? How does it modify "sang"? ADV. GRAM. - • IO You are very kind. What word is modified by "very"? "kind"? What part of speech is A letter, hastily written, was sent me yesterday. What does "hastily" modify? What part of speech is “written”? The letter was written very hastily What does "very" modify? What does "hastily” modify? Those words, and all others used in a similar manner, are called adverbs. CXLVII. DEFINITION OF ADVERB An adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, a participle, or an adverb; as, "She sings sweetly"; "The roads are very rough"; "The ranks were quickly broken"; "He reads tolerably well." An adverb is often equivalent to a phrase consisting of a preposition and its object, limited by an adjective. Ex. "He walks rapidly," i.e. He walks in a rapid manner. "He lives there," i.e. He lives at that place. "The work is intensely interesting," i.e. The work is interesting in an intense degree. An adverb sometimes modifies a phrase or a clause. Ex." He sailed nearly round the globe "; " The old man likewise came to the city." In the first sentence, nearly limits the phrase "round the globe"; and in the second, likewise modifies the entire proposition. CXLVIII. CLASSES OF ADVERBS Adverbs are divided into six classes: Adverbs of time, place, cause, manner, degree, and modal adverbs. Adverbs of time answer the questions, When? How long? How often? CLASSES OF ADVERBS 147 Ex. After, again, ago, always, anon, early, ever, never, forever, frequently, hereafter, hitherto, immediately, lately, now, often, seldom, soon, sometimes, then, when, while, weekly, until, yet, etc. To-day, to-morrow, to-night, yesterday, yesternight (formerly written yester day and yester night), are nouns, not adverbs. When used as modifiers, they should, in most instances, be parsed as nouns in the objective case, without a governing word. (See Rule VIII.) Ex.. "He will come to-day"; "They all left yesterday"; "We had a severe storm yesternight." Adverbs of place answer the questions, Where? Whither? Whence? Ex. - Above, below, down, up, hither, thither, here, there, where, herein, therein, wherein, hence, thence, whence, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, far, yonder, back, forth, aloof, away, aboard, aloft, ashore, backwards, forwards, first, secondly, wherever, etc. There is sometimes used as an expletive to introduce a sentence: as, "There were giants in those days"; "Breathes there a man with soul so dead?" Adverbs of cause answer the questions, Why? Wherefore? Ex. Wherefore, therefore, then, why. Adverbs of manner answer the question, How? Ex. - Amiss, asunder, anyhow, well, badly, easily, foolishly, sweetly, certainly, indeed, surely, verily, nay, no, not, nowise, haply, perhaps, perchance, peradventure, probably, etc. Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding ly to adjectives or participles; as, wise, wisely; united, unitedly. Adverbs of degree answer the questions, How much? How little? Ex. - As, almost, altogether, enough, even, equally, much, more, most, little, less, least, wholly, partly, only, quite, scarcely, nearly, excellently, too, chiefly, somewhat, etc. Adverbs which show the manner of the assertion are called modal adverbs; as, verily, truly, not, no, yes, etc. When, where, why, etc., when used in asking questions, are called interrogative adverbs. An adverbial phrase is a combination of words used as a single adverb. 66 Ex. "In general"; "hand in hand"; "by and by"; "through and through"; "no more"; "for the most part"; as usual," etc. Such combinations may be parsed as single adverbs. Conjunctive adverbs are those which connect subordinate clauses used as modifiers with the term modified. Ex. "I shall see you again when I return"; "Go where glory waits thee"; "I have been to Boston since I saw you last"; "Pay your bills before you leave”; “The book remained where I left it"; "I will go as soon as I have eaten my dinner." The clause introduced by a conjunctive adverb modifies some word in the principal clause; the conjunctive adverb itself modifies some word in the subordinate clause. In the sentence, "He defends himself when he is attacked," the clause "when he is attacked" modifies "defends"; "when" modifies "is attacked," and connects with it the subordinate clause. The principal conjunctive adverbs are: as, after, before, how, since, therefore, till, until, when, where, wherefore, while, and why. RULE. - Adverbs used independently, or modifying an entire proposition, should be set off by commas. Ex.-"Yea, the earth itself shall pass away." "Well, if this is law, I want no more of it." "Indeed, you must wait awhile." CXLIX. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS Many adverbs admit of comparison. Derivatives ending in ly are usually compared by prefixing more and |