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The credulity that has faith in goodness is a sign of

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The charities that soothe, and heal, and bless,

Are scattered at the feet of men like flowers.

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Analyze the sentences in Lessons II, VII, and XIX, with special attention to phrases introduced by prepositions.

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Outline and write an exposition upon "The Effect of Climate upon Vegetation."

ADV. GRAM. - 4

XXXVIII. INTERJECTIONS

Oh, how tired I am!

In this sentence the word "oh" denotes feeling or emotion. It is not used in the statement of a fact, or in asking a question. Many words denoting grief, joy, pity, pain, etc., are used in a similar manner. They are called interjections.

An interjection is a word used to denote feeling or emotion; as, ah, alas, pshaw.

Point out the interjections in the following exercises: —

1. Hurra! we have won ! 2. Pshaw, that is nonsense. 3. Ha, ha, ha! I am glad of it. 4. Hem! did he say so? 5. "O," said John. 6. What! tired so soon?

XXXIX.

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES

With respect to form,- that is, to the number and relations of their propositions, sentences are divided into three classes: simple, complex, and compound.

What is a simple sentence? (p. 18). What is a complex sentence? (p. 41). What is a compound sentence? (p. 43).

With respect to use, sentences are divided into four classes: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory.

A declarative sentence is one used to affirm or deny something.

Ex. -"Fishes swim." "Fishes do not walk."

Direct discourse tells what somebody thinks or says, by using his own words; as, “Our teacher said, ‘Be frank, honest, and truthful."

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES

51

Indirect discourse gives the substance of what somebody thinks or says, but does not use his own words; as, "Our teacher said that we should be frank, honest, and truthful."

An interrogative sentence is one used to ask a question. Where does that man live?"

Ex. — “Are you angry?”

An imperative sentence is one used to express a command or an entreaty.

Ex. "Bring me that book." "Do not strike me."

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An exclamatory sentence is one used in exclamations, or in the expression of strong emotion.

Ex."Oh, how glad I am to see you!"

Tell to which class each of the following sentences belongs :—
MODEL.-The dews bring their jewels.

This is a declarative sentence; it is used to affirm something.

1. The days are calm. 2. How many quarts are there in a gallon? 3. The winds bring perfumes. 4. Study diligently. 5. He waved his arm. 6. The fellow calls himself a painter. 7. He deserved punishment rather than pity.

8. O, how careless you are. 9. What was the Rubicon? 10. How brightly the sun shines! II. Alas for the man who has not learned to work! 12. Bring forth the prisoner now. 13. I had a dream which was not all a dream. - BYRON. 14. A plague of all cowards, still say I. -SHAKESPEARE.

15. Attend to the duties I have assigned you. 16. Many fell by the arm: they were consumed in the flame of thy wrath. 17. When shall it be morn in the grave, to bid the slumberer awake? 18. The Commons, faithful to their system, remained in a wise and masterly inactivity. MACKINTOSH. 19. A wolf saw some shepherds eating for dinner a leg of mutton. "What a clamor you would raise," said he,

66 were I to do as you are doing!"

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XL. CAPITALS AND PUNCTUATION

The first word of every sentence, or the first word after a full pause, should begin with a capital letter.

Ex. "Winds blow." "Snow falls." "The heavens are aflame."

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The first word of a direct quotation, or of an important statement, a distinct speech, etc., should begin with a capital letter.

Ex.

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Dora said, "My uncle took the boy." "When thou saidst, 'Seek ye my face'; my heart said unto thee, ‘Thy face, Lord, will I seek.'" "One truth is clear: Whatever is, is right."

The pronoun I and the interjection O should be capitals.

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The first word in every line of poetry should begin with a capital letter.

Ex. "Put your best foot foremost, or I fear

That we shall miss the mail: and here it comes
With five at top; as quaint a four in hand

As you shall see - three piebalds and a roan."

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The period should be placed at the end of a declarative or an imperative sentence.

Ex."Contrivance proves design." "Study diligently."

The interrogation point denotes that a question is asked. It should be used at the end of an interrogative sentence. The exclamation point denotes passion or emotion. It should be placed after expressions denoting strong emotion.

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CAPITALS AND PUNCTUATION

53

"Avaunt, thou witch!" "Mercy, sir, how the folks will talk

of it!" "Alas, poor Yorick!"

Quotation marks [""] are used to show that a passage is taken verbatim from some author.

Ex.

Cowper says,

"Slaves cannot breathe in England."

A clause used as subject, if it ends with a verb, should be separated from the predicate by a comma.

Ex. "Whatever is, is right." succeed."

"Whosoever perseveres, will

The members of compound sentences, when short and connected by conjunctions, should be separated by commas. "The simplicity of his character inspired confidence, the ardor of his eloquence roused enthusiasm, and the gentleness of his manners invited friendship."

Ex.

The clauses of complex sentences should be separated by commas, unless the dependent clauses are very short and the connection very close.

Ex. "I took notice, in particular, of a very profligate fellow, who, I did not question, came loaded with his crimes; but upon searching his bundle, I found that, instead of throwing his guilt from him, he had only laid down his memory." ."— ADDISON.

Each term of a series of words in the same construction should be set off by commas.

Ex.-"War, peace, darts, spears, towns, rivers, everything, in his writings, is alive.”

Two words, closely connected by a conjunction, should not be separated by a comma.

Ex. "Honor and fame from no condition rise."

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