A direct quotation, separated by a principal clause, should be set off by commas.

Ex. "Oh, Mr. Pickwick," said Mrs. Bardell, trembling with agitation, "you're very kind, sir." "Take your place in the lists," said Bois-Guilbert, “and look your last upon the sun; for this night thou shalt sleep in paradise."

The semicolon is used to separate the members of a compound sentence, when the connective is omitted.

Ex."The earth glows with the colors of civilization; the banks of the stream are enameled with the richest grasses; woodlands and cultivated fields are harmoniously blended; the birds of spring find their delight in orchards and trim gardens, variegated with choicest plants from every temperate zone; while the brilliant flowers of the tropics bloom from the windows of the greenhouse and the saloon."

The members of a compound sentence, if long, or if their parts are set off by commas, should be separated by semicolons, even when joined by connectives.

Ex.-"And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers."

The members of a compound sentence, whose parts are phrases or clauses set off by semicolons, should be separated by colons.

Ex. "We do not say that his error lies in being a good member of society; this, though only a circumstance at present, is a very fortunate one: the error lies in his having discarded the authority of God, as his legislator; or, rather, in his not having admitted the influence of that authority over his mind, heart, or practice."

Write from dictation the exercise on p. 42, punctuating and capitalizing correctly.

$10.00

BUSINESS FORMS

LESSON XLI. BUSINESS FORMS

New York, July 1900 Three months after date I promise to pay to the order of William Brown

One hundred

Dollars with interest at six per cent per annum at The National Park Bank of New York

value received

No 1357

Due Oct

55

Copy this form of a promissory note. Write a note promising to pay Mr. Frank Walton $53.75 two months after date, at any bank, without interest.

Copy this bill. Make out a bill for any articles you choose.
Sometimes a receipt is given separate from the bill.
Copy the following receipt : —

RECEIPT

Cleveland, Ohio, April 3, 1900.

Received of Mrs. A. M. Ball, Twenty-nine 25 Dollars in

full of account to date.

F. W. Crane & Co.

PART II

ELEMENTS OF ORTHOGRAPHY

XLII. DEFINITIONS

Throughout this part of the book every alternate lesson should be spent in analyzing and selecting the parts of speech from the sentences used in Lessons II, VII, IX, etc., or from reading lessons.

A word is either a syllable or a combination of syllables; as, hat, men-tion, phi-los-o-phy.

A syllable is a sound or a combination of sounds uttered with one impulse of the voice; it may be represented by a letter or by a group of letters; as, man, man-ner, manu-mit.

A letter is a character used to represent a sound or a combination of sounds; as, a, which represents one sound, and x, which represents a combination of two sounds.

An elementary sound is one which cannot be separated into two or more distinct sounds.

Orthography treats of syllables and spelling, of letters, and of elementary sounds.

XLIII. ELEMENTARY SOUNDS

There are forty-two elementary sounds in the English language.

They are divided into vocals, subvocals, and aspirates.

56

ELEMENTARY SOUNDS

57

Vocals are sounds made with the vocal organs open, and consist of pure tone only; as man.

Subvocals are sounds obstructed by the vocal organs, in the process of articulation; as man.

Aspirates are mere emissions of breath, articulated by the lips, tongue, teeth, and palate; as he.

TABLE OF ELEMENTARY SOUNDS

The sounds represented by l, m, n, and r, are sometimes called liquids, because they easily unite with other subvocals or aspirates.

The tilde [n]-a Spanish mark placed over n—annexes to it the sound of y; as, cañon, pronounced can-yon. The cedilla [ç]-a French mark, joined to c-gives to this letter the sound of s; as, façade.

The macron [-] marks a long sound, as in lōne; the breve [], a short sound, as in not; the diæresis [-] separates two vowels into two syllables, as aëriform.

XLIV. LETTERS

There are twenty-six letters in the English alphabet. As there are more elementary sounds than letters, some letters must represent more than one sound; as māte, măt. Letters also combine to represent sounds for which there are no single representatives; as they. And the same sound is frequently common to a number of letters; as, ace, say.

Letters are divided into vowels and consonants.

A vowel is a letter used to represent a vocal sound.

A consonant is a letter used to represent a subvocal or an aspirate sound.

A diphthong consists of two vocals sounded together in the same syllable. .

There are two diphthongal sounds represented by four diphthongs, viz.: ou, ow, oi, oy, as in foul, now, boil, cloy.

In such words as alien, union, the vowel i is a substitute for the consonant y. In the unaccented terminations cean, cial, sion, tion, and in such words as herbaceous, gracious, precious, the combinations ce, ci, si, ti, are substitutes for sh.