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Double consonants consist of two consonants written together in the same syllable, representing a single elementary sound.

They are ch, chaise, chord; gh, laugh; ph, physic; sh, hush; th, thin, thine; wh, when; ng, sing.

Letters are used either as capital letters or as small letters.

Printers call small letters lower case.

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A vocal sound is an essential part of a syllable; as, a-mong.

A syllable may consist of a vocal sound either alone, or preceded or succeeded or inclosed by subvocals or aspirates; as, i-de-a, i-tem.

Analysis is a process of separation. The analysis of a word is the process of separating it into its elementary sounds.

Synthesis is a process of combination. Word synthesis is the process of uniting elementary sounds to form words.

MODELS FOR ANALYZING SYLLABLES

Lo. Give both sounds in quick succession, l-o, and pronounce the word.

Clank. - Give the five sounds in quick succession, c-l-a-n-k, and pronounce the word..

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Boy. Give the three sounds in quick succession, b-o-i, and pronounce the word.

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View. Give the two sounds in quick succession, v-u, and pronounce the word.

Analyze the following words, and then pronounce them:

And, fly, warm, elm, fin, sing, wax, when, sue, light, pot, home, zinc, valve, kid, ask, sun, goat, jolt.

Form syllables by prefixing a consonant to a, ay, eau, oy;

By prefixing two or more consonants to e, oo, aw, i;

By affixing one, two, or more consonants to any of the vowels or diphthongs.

XLVI. WORDS

A word may consist of one or more syllables.

A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable; as, care,

man.

A word of two syllables is called a dissyllable; as, careful, man-ly.

A word of three syllables is called a trisyllable; as, careful-ness, man-li-ness.

A word of four or more syllables is called a polysyllable; as, com-mu-ni-ty, ec-cen-tric-i-ty.

Accent is a stress of voice placed upon a particular syllable; as invite', pat'ter. It may be either primary or secondary, the primary being the more forcible; as, ir'responsibility.

Accent is shown by a mark ('), faint or heavy, placed above and to the right of the syllable on which the stress is placed.

Every word of more than one syllable has one of its syllables accented.

Some polysyllables have two subordinate accents; as, con' stitu' tionality, incom'prehensibility.

ANALYZING WORDS

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XLVII.

MODELS FOR ANALYZING WORDS

Tree is a word of one syllable: therefore a monosyllable. Na'-ture is a word of two syllables. therefore a dissyllable. It is accentuated on the first syllable.

Com-mo'-tion is a word of three syllables: therefore a trisyllable. It is accented on the second syllable.

In'-de-fat'-i-ga-ble is a word of six syllables: therefore a polysyllable. Its secondary accent is on the first syllable, and its primary accent on the third.

In writing, each line should end with a word or with an entire syllable.

The hyphen [-] is used (1) to join the parts of compound words and expressions; (2) to divide words into syllables; (3) after a syllable at the end of a line, when the rest of the word is carried to the next line.

Ex. —"Heaven-born band." "Thou many-headed monster thing." SCOTT. "He is my father-in-law, and always wears a pepper-andsalt suit." "Com-mu-ni-ca-tive-ness."

Analyze the following words:

Sand, lead, sack; unction, famous, greatly; endeavor, infamous, candidly; unpopular, information, gratuitous; domestication, interrogation, incredulity; incomprehensible, indefensibleness; incompatibility, indefatigableness; advertisement, primary, contrary, legislature, lamentable, secondary, infamous, armistice, admirable, interesting, consternation, incorruptible, insensibility, unadvisedly, modification, inaccessible.

Write each of these words and divide them into syllables, marking the accented syllables.

Change the accent of the following words to the second syllable, and give the meaning of each word before and after the change:

In'sult, fer'ment, reb'el, rec'ord, pre'lude, con'jure, en'trance, es'cort, in'crease, in'valid, ob'ject, in'cense, es'say.

Search through several pages of your reader for words divided at the end of a line, and analyze the words to see whether they are divided correctly. Read the compositions that you have written, and correct any wrongly divided words.

XLVIII. CLASSES OF WORDS

Words are either primitive or derivative; as, man a primitive word, and manly a derivative.

A primitive or radical word is one in no way derived from another in the same language; as, mind, faith.

A derivative word is one formed by joining to a primitive word some letter or syllable to modify its meaning; as, re-mind, faith-ful.

A compound word is one formed by uniting two or more primitive or derivative words; as, inkstand, to-morrow.

A prefix is that part of a derivative word which is placed before the radical; as, recall, subjoin.

A suffix is that part of a derivative word which is placed after the radical; as, faithful, changeable.

Prefixes and suffixes are called affixes.

Select the primitive words and the derivative words from the following list. Select the compound words and the words with affixes. Tell whether each affix is a suffix or a prefix.

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PART III

ETYMOLOGY

XLIX. PARTS OF SPEECH

Etymology treats of the classification, derivation, and properties of words.

THE NOUN

L. ORAL LESSON

Write the names of five objects in the schoolroom. These words, as you perceive, are not the objects themselves, but their names, or nouns. Now write the names of five objects not in the schoolroom. What are these words called? Why? Write the names of five of your schoolmates. What are these words called?

Why?

Your schoolmates are called also by the names girls and boys. Can the name "girl" be applied to all the girls in the room? Can the name "Sarah" be applied to all the girls in the room? Why not? There are Mary, and Charlotte, and Jane, and Susan, and many other names for girls.

We have, then, two kinds of nouns, or names. One kind can be applied to each one of a class, and the other kind can be applied to a particular one only. The first kind are called common nouns — - they are names common to all the individuals of a class; the second are called proper nouns - they are names of particular objects, and are used to distinguish their objects from the classes to which they belong. What kind are the names horse, book, boy, girl, map, blackboard? Why? What kind are the names John, Charles, Washington, Boston, Europe? Why?

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