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RULE IV. — A noun or a pronoun, used to limit the meaning of a noun or a pronoun denoting the same person or thing, is in the same case.

RULE V. - A noun or a pronoun, used independently, is in the nominative absolute case.

RULE VI. — The object of a transitive verb, in the active voice, or of its participles, is in the objective case.

RULE VII. The object of a preposition is in the objective case.

RULE VIII.

Nouns denoting time, distance, measure, direction, or value, after verbs and adjectives, are in the objective case without a governing word.

LXVI. ORDER OF PARSING NOUNS

Parsing consists (1) in naming the part of speech; (2) in telling its properties; (3) in pointing out its relation to other words; (4) in giving the rule for its construction. 1. A noun, and why?

2. Common or proper, and why?

3. Gender, and why?

4. Person, and why?

5. Number, and why?
6. Case, and why?

7. Rule for construction.

MODELS FOR PARSING

Mary sings.

"Mary" is a noun; it is a name; proper, it is the name of a particular person; feminine gender, it denotes a female; third person, it denotes the person spoken of; singular number, it denotes but one; nom

MODELS FOR PARSING

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inative case, it is used as the subject of the proposition, "Mary sings." Rule I.—"The subject of a proposition is in the nominative case."

Horses are animals.

"Animals" is a noun; common, it can be applied to any one of a class or kind; common gender, it denotes either males or females; third person; plural number, it denotes more than one; nominative case, it is used as the predicate of the proposition, "Horses are animals." Rule II. "A noun or a pronoun used as the predicate of a proposition, is in the nominative case."

The poet Milton was blind.

"Milton" is a noun; proper; masculine gender, it denotes a male; third person; singular number; nominative case, in apposition with "poet." Rule IV. — “A noun or a pronoun used to limit the meaning of a noun or a pronoun, by denoting the same person, place, or thing, is in the same case."

Henry's lesson is learned.

"Henry's" is a noun; proper; masculine gender; third person; singular number; possessive case, it denotes possession, and modifies "lesson." Rule III.-"A noun or a pronoun used to limit the meaning of a noun denoting a different thing, is in the possessive case.”

John studies grammar.

"Grammar" is a noun; common; neuter gender; third person; singular number; objective case, it is used as the object of the transitive verb "studies." Rule VI.-"The object of a transitive verb, in the active voice, or of its participles, is in the objective case."

The book lies on the table.

"Table" is a noun; common; neuter gender; third person; singular number; objective case, it is used as the object of the preposition "on." Rule VII." The object of a preposition is in the objective case."

William, open the door.

"William" is a noun; proper; masculine gender; second person;

singular number; absolute case, it is the name of the person addressed. Rule V.-"A noun or a pronoun used independently, is in the nominative absolute case."

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Parse all the nouns in the following sentences:

1. The wind blows. 2. The sun shines. 3. Horses run. 5. Scholars study. 6. Grass grows.

vessel sails.

8. Liberty is sweet. 9. St. Helena is an island.

4. The

7. Fire burns.

10. Lead is a

15. The

17. Mr.

metal. II. Cicero was an orator. 12. Grammar is a science. 13. The storm's fury is past. 14. Henry's health is good. king's palace is on fire. 16. Jane borrowed Sarah's book. Johnson sells boys' hats. 18. The defeat of Xerxes' army was the downfall of Persia. 19. John struck James. 20. Joseph bought the book. 21. Peter studies algebra. 22. The horse kicked the boy. 23. The man wrote a letter. 25. Martha went with Susan. 27. The boy ran by the mill.

24. Samuel lives over the river. 26. James is going to Cincinnati. 28. "Friends, Romans, Countrymen ! lend me your ears!" 29. "To arms! they come the Greek! the Greek!" 30. "My daughter! oh, my daughter!" 31. "Your fathers, where are they?"

32. "My son, have you seen him ?”

Parse all the nouns in the following sentences :

1. Johnson the doctor is a brother of Johnson the lawyer. 2. Shakespeare lived in Queen Elizabeth's reign. 3. "Ah, Warwick Warwick! wert thou as we are!" 4. Temperance is a virtue. 5. "King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets?" 6. The inferior animals are divided into five classes: quadrupeds, fowls, fishes, reptiles, and insects. 7. The little army fought bravely on that day. 8. Where are the Platos and Aristotles of modern times? seen Mr. Squires, the bookseller and stationer.

Write correctly the following sentences: —

9. I have

1. I have (plural of brother-in-law). 2. There were three (plural of knight-templar) in the procession. 3. (Plural of nebula) are some

CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES

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9. The

times called star dust. 4. I saw two (plural of Mrs. Jackson). 5. He called at (possessive of Steele the banker). 6. The (plural of Jones) were all there. 7. The (possessive singular of boy) slate was broken. 8. She is reading in her (possessive of sister Susan) book. (possessive plural of man) wages should be paid promptly. studied in (possessive of O. B. Pierce) Grammar. II. He has (plural of octavo, quarto, and folio) among his books. 12. There are three (plural of chimney) on that house. 13. We regard them as singular (plural of phenomenon).

10. He

THE ADJECTIVE

LXVIII. ORAL LESSON

(Review Lesson XXIV, page 30)

The "quality words" are called descriptive adjectives, because they describe by denoting some quality. The "number words" and "pointing-out words" do not denote quality. They are called definitive adjectives.

This is a good book.

What is "good"? Why? What kind? Why?

These two books are mine.

What are "these " and "two"? Why? What kind? Why?

Every man can do some good.

What are "every" and "some"? Why? What kind? Why?

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Adjectives may be divided into two general classes: descriptive and definitive.

LXX. DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES

A descriptive adjective limits or describes a noun by denoting some quality belonging to it.

Ex.-A round table, a square table, a sour apple, a sweet apple, a good boy, a bad boy, an Italian sunset, twinkling stars, thick-warbled songs.

Words commonly used as other parts of speech, sometimes perform the office of descriptive adjectives, and should be parsed as such.

Ex. A gold ring, a silver cord, the California pine, a make-believe patriot, double-distilled nonsense. "The West is as truly American, as genuinely Jonathan, as any other part of our country."

An adjective is frequently limited by a word joined to it by a hyphen. The compound term thus formed is called a compound adjective, and should be parsed as a single word.

Ex.

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A high-sounding title, an ill-matched pair.

Adjectives derived from verbs are called participial adjectives. They are usually placed before the nouns which they modify.

Ex. "We walked across a plowed field, and soon came to the flowing spring."

When a descriptive adjective represents a noun understood, or not expressed, the article must be prefixed; as, "The wise are provident"; "The good are happy." Adjectives thus used should be parsed as adjectives used as nouns.

Tell which of the adjectives in the following sentences are descriptive, and which are compound and participial:

1. The unfortunate man was a hard-working mechanic. 2. The fields looked beautiful. 3. English books are costly. 4. The howling storm is past. 5. The soil is very productive. 6. The water falls into a marble basin. 7. I prefer a New England winter to an Australian

summer.

LXXI. DEFINITIVE ADJECTIVES

A definitive adjective limits or defines the application of a noun without expressing any of its qualities.

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