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XC. EXERCISES

Parse the nouns, personal pronouns, and adjectives in the following

sentences:—

1. He and I attend the same school. new book. 3. Have you seen him to-day ? eyes. 5. You, yourself, told me so. 6. the work of his own hands.

9.

2. She gave her sister a

4. I saw it with my own

The wicked is snared in

7. I bought the book, and read it. 8. They live in our house. I see them on their winding way. 10. For we dare not make ourselves of the number, or compare ourselves with some that commend themselves; but they, measuring themselves by themselves, and comparing themselves among themselves, are not wise.

II. Thou great Instructor, lest I stray,
Teach thou my erring feet thy way.

XCI. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Possessive pronouns are words used to represent both the possessor and the thing possessed. They are: mine, thine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.

To denote emphatic distinction, my own is used for mine, thy own for thine, his own for his, her own for hers, our own for ours, your own for yours, their own for theirs. Ex. "This book is my own"; "Stand, the ground's your own, my braves! "Do not borrow or lend pencils: each scholar should

have one of his own. ""

The possessive pronoun is not the possessive case of the personal pronoun, but a distinct form, found only in the nominative and objective cases, never in the possessive.

Two sets of models are given for parsing possessive pronouns. The first method is to be preferred when the pronoun cannot be separated into two words, one being a personal pronoun, the other the name of the thing possessed.

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ORDER OF PARSING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 95

XCII. ORDER OF PARSING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

I. A pronoun, and why?
2. Possessive, and why?
3. What is its antecedent?

4. Gender, person, and number, and why? Rule.
5. Case, and why? Rule.

MODELS FOR PARSING

That house of mine is rented.

FIRST METHOD

"Mine" is a pronoun; possessive; it represents both the possessor and the thing possessed; its antecedent is the name of the speaker; common gender, first person, singular number, to agree with its antecedent; (Rule IX.) objective case; it is the object of the preposition "of": according to what rule?

That book is hers, not yours.

SECOND METHOD

"Hers" is a pronoun; possessive; it is equivalent to "her book." Parse "her" as a personal pronoun in the possessive case, according to Rule III., and "book" as predicate nominative, according to Rule II. "Yours" is a pronoun; possessive; it is equivalent to "your book." Parse "your" as a personal pronoun in the possessive case, according to Rule III., and "book" as predicate nominative, according to Rule II.

The ground's your own.

SECOND METHOD

"Your own " is a pronoun; possessive; it is equivalent to "your ground." Parse "your" as a personal pronoun in the possessive case, according to Rule III., and "ground" as the predicate nominative, according to Rule II.

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1. The farm is neither his nor theirs. 2. Is that horse of yours lame yet? 3. I did not hear that lecture of yours last evening. 4. He is an old friend of ours. 5. This book is not mine; it must be his or hers. 6. That carriage of theirs is a very fine one. 7. Friend of mine, why so sad?

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A relative pronoun is used to represent a preceding word, phrase, or clause, called its antecedent, to which it joins a subordinate proposition; as, "The man whom you saw is father."

my

The antecedent is a word or a phrase on which the relative clause depends. It may be either a definite or an indefinite antecedent. When indefinite, the relative clause stands alone; as, "Who steals my purse steals trash."

The difference between personal and relative pronouns is shown by the following distinctions: 1. Personal pronouns have a distinct form for each grammatical person; as, first person, I; second person, thou or you; third person, he, she, or it: the relatives do not change their form for person. 2. A personal pronoun may be the subject of an independent sentence; as, "He is well": a relative can never be thus used; it is always found in a dependent clause; as, "Laws which are unjust should be repealed."

Relatives serve two purposes in a sentence: one, to represent nouns in any relation; the other, to join a limiting clause to the antecedent. The first is a pronominal, the second, a conjunctive use.

Relative pronouns are either simple or compound.

The simple relatives are who, used to represent persons; which and what, to represent things; that, to repre

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sent both persons and things; and as, to take the place of who, which, or that, after such, much, many, and same.

What is sometimes used as a definitive adjective as well as a relative, in the same sentence: in which case it is placed before the noun it limits; as, "I send you what money I have," i.e. "I send you the money which I have." When the noun it limits is understood, what takes its place, and should be parsed as a relative. `

That is a relative when who, whom, or which can be substituted for it; as, “He that [who] is slow to wrath, is of great understanding.” It is a pronominal adjective when it limits a following noun or a noun understood; as, "That book is yours"; "I did not say that." It is a conjunction when it joins a dependent clause to its principal without representing a noun; as, "I know that my Redeemer liveth."

What, when a relative, can be changed into that which, or the thing which, and is called a double relative; as, "Tell me what [that which] you know"; "I got what [the thing which] I desired." That, or the thing, should be parsed as the antecedent part of what, and which as the relative. The antecedent part, that, is usually a pronominal adjective, either limiting a noun expressed, or representing it understood.

Besides being a relative, what may be an interrogative pronoun; as, "What did you say?”. a pronominal adjective; as, "What book have you?" an interjection; as, "What! is thy servant a dog, that he should do this?"-an adverb; as, "What [partly] by force, and what by fraud, he secures his ends."

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The compound relatives are formed by adding ever, so,

and soever to the simple relatives. They are: whoever,

ADV. GRAM. - 7

whoso, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, whatever, and whatsoever.

Whoever, whoso, and whosoever, are equivalent to he who, or any one who; as, "Whoever studies will learn," i.e. "Any one who studies will learn." Whichever and whichsoever are equivalent to any which; as, "Whichever way you may take will lead to the city," i.e. "Any way which you may take,” etc. Whatever and whatsoever are equivalent to any thing which; as, "I am pleased with whatever you may do,” i.e. "I am pleased with any thing which you may do." Compound relatives are indeclinable, and should be parsed like the simple relative what.

XCVI. ORDER OF PARSING RELATIVE PRONOUNS

1. A pronoun, and why?

2. Relative, and why?

3. Name its antecedent.

4. Simple or compound?

5. Gender, person, and number, and why? Rule. 6. Decline it.

7. Case, and rule.

MODELS FOR PARSING

A man who is industrious will prosper.

"Who" is a pronoun; relative; it represents a preceding word or phrase, to which it joins a limiting clause; its antecedent is " man": simple: masculine gender, third person, singular number, to agree with its antecedent: (Rule IX.) nominative case; it is used as the subject of the subordinate proposition, "who is industrious." (Rule I.)

I am he whom ye seek.

"Whom" is a pronoun; relative; its antecedent is "he": simple: masculine gender, third person, singular number: (Rule IX.) objective case; it is the object of the transitive verb "seek." (Rule VI.)

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