after they had been so thoroughly cleaned. physician and surgeon is appointed to ever prison; and prisoners are in general healthy. I most of the prisons for criminals, there are so man rooms that each prisoner is kept separate. The never go out of their rooms; each has a bedstead straw mat, and coverlet. But there are fe criminals, except those in the rasp-houses and spir houses. Of late, in all the seven provinces, seldo more executions in a year than from four to six. Debtors also are but few. The magistrates do no approve of confining in idleness any that may k usefully employed; and, when one is imprisone the creditor must pay the gaoler for his mainten ance, from five and a half to eighteen stivers a da according to the debtor's former condition i life. No debtors have their wives an children living with them in prison, but occasion visits in the daytime are not forbidden. You c not hear in the streets as you pass by a prison what I have been rallied for abroad, the cry poor hungry starving debtors. The states do ne transport convicts; but men are put to labour the rasp-houses, and women to proper work in th spin-houses, upon this professed maxim, “ Make the diligent, and they will be honest." The rasping log wood, which was formerly the principal work dor le, have lately set up several of them in those uses of correction. In some, the work of the bust prisoners does not only support them; but ey have a little extra time to earn somewhat for eir better living in prison, or for their benefit terwards. Great care is taken to give them oral and religious instruction, and reform their anners, for their own and the public good. The aplain (such there is in every house of correcon) does not only perform public worship, but ivately instructs prisoners, catechises them every eek, and I am well informed that many come it sober and honest. Some have even chosen to ntinue and work in the house after their dislarge." 1

"1

To this account is added in a note a story of an nglishman who was imprisoned in the rasp-house - Amsterdam for some years, and was permitted - work at his trade of shoemaking. "By being nstantly kept employed, he was quite cured It is clear that Holland was at this time : beyond every other country in grasping the rig principles of prison discipline; and at the end the very full account which he gives of the syste in vogue there, Howard says: "I leave t country with regret, as it affords a large field for formation on the important subject I have in vie I know not which to admire most-the neatn and cleanliness appearing in the prisons, the indus and regular conduct of the prisoners, or the human and attention of the magistrates and regents." 2 For the most part there seems to have been less drunkenness in foreign prisons than v customary in England. Even then our nation vice was conspicuous. In many places abro spirituous liquors and gaming were strictly p hibited; and only very occasionally does Howa note, as in one place in Sweden, that "the gao here, as in the other prisons, sells liquors. H room, like those I have too often seen in my o country, was full of idle people who were drin ing." 3 A proper allowance of food seems also have been more general than in England. It true that in Russia both felons and debtors had subsist, as best they could, on voluntary contrib tions, and "alms received from passengers in lit

at was customary in England. In France it decidedly better. This was also the case in land, and so struck was Howard with the vision made at the rasp-house at Rotterdam the gives the regulation for the daily diet for eek in full; 2 and certainly, if the regulation properly adhered to, the prisoners here had hing to complain of.

Turkey is a country from which it was scarcely De expected that England would have been e to learn much in the way of prison discipline. = even there Howard found that, in the midst much which shocked and horrified him, there e some things which were better managed n at home. Thus he notes that "in those es which I have seen in Turkey the debtors e a prison separate and distinct from the -ns," and adds that "without such a separation England, a thorough reformation of the gaols

never be effected." 3 Again, he was struck h the stillness and quietness of the prisons at stantinople, for which he was "at a loss to ount," until he "reflected that the only erage for the prisoners is water." 4

visited. Even in those countries in which righ principles of prison discipline were understood and good regulations obtained, the administration was often faulty. In many countries loathsom dungeons and deliberate cruelty seemed to b the rule rather than the exception. At Vienn he found very few of the dungeons empty.

"Some had three prisoners in each dungeon and three horrid cells I saw crowded with twelv women. All the men live in total darkness, an are not permitted to make any savings from thei daily allowance (of four creutzers) for the purpos of procuring light. They are chained to th walls of their cells, though so strong, and s defended by double doors, as to render such security needless. No priest or clergyman ha been near them for eight or nine months; an this is reckoned, even by these criminals, s great a punishment, that they complained t me of it with tears, in the presence of the keepers." 1

In the same city he noticed that the baker were punished for frauds "by the severity an disgrace of the ducking-stool.”

"This machine of terror, fixed on the side c the Danube, is a kind of long pole or board