Dr. Stoughton's work already referred to. Lives, such as that by Hepworth Dixon, have consulted, but none of them add materia our knowledge. In regard to the illustrations it may be to note that the history of the frontispi given on p. 190. The "Portrait of the second Howard" (No. 2) is taken from Brown's Memo which the engraving was made from an or miniature, which Howard himself gave t faithful servant, Mrs. Prole. The "Scene in I well" (No. 3) is, of course, the familiar one Hogarth's "Harlot's Progress." The repres tions of the "Courts of the King's Bench" ar "Fleet" (Nos. 4 and 5) are reproduced from A man's Microcosm of London. The "Poor De Cell" (No. 6) is from an engraving in the F Museum. The next three illustrations (N 8, and 9) are all taken from Howard's St Prisons. No. 10, "Howard relieving Priso is from an old print published in 1791 s after Howard's death, and the illustrati "Howard's Tomb" is taken from the sket R. Heber in Clarke's Travels, vol. i. p. 57 E. C. S CONTENTS Howard's Parentage-Date and Place of Birth-School Days-Apprenticeship-Howard his own Master- LIFE, TO THE DEATH OF HOWARD'S SECOND WIFE Change of Residence-Foreign Tour-Capture by French OM THE DEATH OF HIS WIFE TO HOWARD'S APPOINTMENT AS HIGH SHERIFF OF BEDFORD PAGE Cardington-A wholesome Despotism-Kindly lations with his Tenants - Foreign Travel tters from Abroad-Ascent of Vesuvius-Return -me-Trouble among the Congregationalists ward's Sundays-His Treatment of his Son 17 CHAPTER IV WARD'S EARLY INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE CONDITION ted High Sheriff of Bedford-Discoveries as to eatment of Prisoners - Practical Efforts to remove rdships-A New Career--Burke's Panegyricwper's Lines on Howard-Method of Travelling Proceedings in Parliament-Howard before the use of Commons-A new Subject of Inquiryward a Candidate for Parliament - Foreign urs-Attempts to gain Admission to the Bastile Letter from Abroad - Further Tours-Howard at arrington Publication of The State of Prisons Description of the Work. 35 ENGLISH PRISONS AS HOWARD FOUND THEM Failure of Earlier Attempts at Prison Reform--Abuses disclosed by Howard - Faulty Construction of Buildings-Gaol Fever-Lack of Discipline-Idleness and Riotous Habits of Prisoners" Garnish " -Absence of Classification of Prisoners-Lack of Provision for Sustenance-Gaolers-SurgeonsChaplains - State of Prisons in Scotland and Ireland CHAPTER VI FOREIGN PRISONS AS HOWARD FOUND THEM Absence of Gaol Fever in Foreign Prisons-Better State of Things generally than in England-Good Rules in Switzerland and Holland - Less Drunkenness than in England-Abuses-Horrid Dungeons at Vienna-The Ducking Stool-Torture CHAPTER VII LATER INVESTIGATIONS AND JOURNEYS, 1777-1784 Death of Howard's Sister-Renewed Investigations into the State of Prisons-The Question of Transportation The Hulks-Act for the Establishment of Penitentiaries-Foreign Tour-AccidentatAmsterdam-Letters from Abroad-Visit to a Capuchin Convent-Return to England-Investigation into |