ABEL P. UPSHUR, of Virginia.

From July 24, 1843, to February 28, 1844 (see Department of the Navy).

JOHN C. CALHOUN, of South Carolina.

From April 1, 1844, to March 10, 1845 (see Department of War).

JAMES BUCHANAN, of Pennsylvania.

From March 10, 1845, to March 7, 1849.

JOHN M. CLAYTON, of Delaware.

From March 8, 1849, to July 22, 1850.

EDWARD EVERETT, of Massachusetts.

From November 6, 1852, to March 3, 1853.

WILLIAM L. MARCY, of New York.

From March 8, 1853, to March 6, 1857.

LEWIS CASS, of Michigan.

From March 6, 1857, to December 14, 1860 (see Department of War). JEREMIAH S. BLACK, of Pennsylvania.

From December 17, 1860, to March 6, 1861 (see Department of Justice).

WILLIAM H. SEWARD, of New York.

From March 6, 1861, to March 4, 1869.

ELIHU B. WASHBURN, of Illinois.

From March 5, 1869, to March 16, 1869.

HAMILTON FISH, of New York.

From March 17, 1869, to March 12, 1877.

WILLIAM M. EVARTS, of New York.

From March 12, 1877, to March 7, 1881.

JAMES G. BLAINE, of Maine.

From March 7, 1881, to December 19, 1881, and from March 7, 1889, to June 4, 1892.

FREDERICK T. FRELINGHUYSEN, of New Jersey.

From December 19, 1881, to March 6, 1885.

THOMAS F. BAYARD, of Delaware.

From March 7, 1885, to March 6, 1889.

JOHN W. FOSTER, of Indiana.

From June 29, 1892, to February 23, 1893.

WALTER Q. GRESHAM, of Illinois.

From March 7, 1893, to May 28, 1895.

RICHARD OLNEY, of Massachusetts.

From June 10, 1895, to March 5, 1897.

JOHN SHERMAN, of Ohio.

From March 6, 1897, to April 27, 1898 (see Department of the
Treasury).

WILLIAM R. DAY, of Ohio.

From April 28, 1898, to September 21, 1898.

JOHN HAY, of District of Columbia.

From September 30, 1898, to July 10, 1905.

ELIHU ROOT, of New York.

From July 19, 1905, to January 27, 1909.

ROBERT BACON, of New York.

From January 27, 1909, to March 4, 1909. PHILANDER C. KNOX, of Pennsylvania.

From March 5, 1909, to March 4, 1913. WILLIAM J. BRYAN, of Nebraska.

From March 5, 1913, to June 22, 1915. ROBERT LANSING, of District of Columbia. From June 23, 1915, to February 14, 1920.

BAINBRIDGE COLBY, of New York.

From March 24, 1920, to March 4, 1921. CHARLES EVANS HUGHES, of New York.

From March 5, 1921, to March 4, 1925. FRANK B. KELLOGG, of Minnesota.

From March 4, 1925.

Edmund Randolph had served first as Attorney General in the administration of President Washington before being appointed Secretary of State to succeed Thomas Jefferson. His resignation as Secretary of State was demanded by the President. The cause is related in his biography.

Timothy Pickering had been Postmaster General and Secretary of War under President Washington before he became Secretary of State on the enforced resignation of Edmund Randolph. He was summarily dismissed by President John Adams, May 12, 1800, having refused to resign when requested so to do by the President.

John Marshall continued to act as Secretary of State for a period of one month after taking the oath of office as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Robert Smith had served as Secretary of the Navy in the cabinet of President Jefferson. He had also been nominated and confirmed as Attorney General under Mr. Jefferson, but remained at the head of the Navy Department, on request.

On September 26, 1814, Secretary of State James Monroe was transferred to the War Department and held that position until February 28, 1815. During that period he acted as Secretary of State ad interim. On February 28, 1815, he was again appointed as head of the State Department, serving until he became President himself.

Louis McLane was Secretary of the Treasury when he was transferred to the State Department by President Jackson.

Abel P. Upshur was Secretary of the Navy when he was named to head the State Department by President Tyler.

John C. Calhoun served as Secretary of War during the two terms of President Monroe.

William L. Marcy was Secretary of War in the cabinet of President Polk.

Lewis Cass served for a time as Secretary of War in the cabinet of President Jackson.

Jeremiah S. Black was serving as Attorney General when transferred to the State Department by President Buchanan.

William M. Evarts served as Attorney General in the cabinet of President Johnson.

Walter Q. Gresham served for a time as Postmaster General and as Secretary of the Treasury in the cabinet of President Arthur.

Richard Olney was transferred from head of the Department of Justice to the State Department by President Cleveland.

John Sherman served as Secretary of the Treasury during the administration of President Hayes.

Elihu Root served as Secretary of War in the cabinet of President McKinley.

Philander C. Knox was Attorney General in the cabinet of President McKinley.

Daniel Webster, Walter Q. Gresham and John Hay died in office. Abel P. Upshur was killed February 28, 1844, by an explosion of a gun on the United States vessel of war Princeton. Robert Lansing resigned on demand of President Wilson.

BIOGRAPHIES OF SECRETARIES OF STATE

JOHN JAY

JOH

OHN JAY Secretary of Foreign Affairs, from March 4, 1789, to March 21, 1790. Born in New York city, December 12, 1745. Son of Peter and Mary (Van Cortlandt) Jay. Educated at King's (now Columbia) College. Married, April 28, 1774, Sarah Livingston. Died May 17, 1829, at Bedford, New York.

1774-Member Continental Congress.

1776-Member Provincial Congress of New York.

1777-Chief Justice of New York.

1777-President Continental Congress.

1779-Minister to Spain.

1781-Member Peace Commission.

1782-Secretary of Foreign Relations.

1789-Secretary of Foreign Relations under the Constitution.

1790-Chief Justice of the United States.

1794-Envoy Extraordinary to Great Britain.
1795-Governor of New York.

The Jays were of French Huguenot descent. The ancestors of the American branch of the family fled from France on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Augustus Jay, the first of the family to come to America, settled in New York in 1686. Peter Jay, the father of the future statesman and jurist, was a wealthy merchant of New York city, who had retired from active business before the birth of his gifted son.

In early youth John Jay was of a very serious disposition, fond of study. When he was eight years old he was sent to a grammar school at New Rochelle, near where his father had made his home. He progressed rapidly in his studies. French was the language usually spoken by the inhabitants of the village where the school was located and was generally used in his father's house, and young John early became proficient in that language, speaking and reading it with great fluency and correctness, an accomplishment which became of great assistance to him in later years when acting as one of the peace envoys at Paris, the meeting of the peace commission being held in that city, and the American commissioners being instructed by Congress to consult freely with the French ministers. When but a little more than fourteen years of age he entered King's (now Columbia) College, from which he was graduated in 1784.

He had early determined upon the law as his life profession, and not long after leaving college he became a clerk in the office of one of the prominent lawyers of the village, doing all the drudgery usual to such a position in those early days. He was early remarkable for his strong

reasoning powers, comprehensive views, application, firmness of mind and the power of forcible writing, and these characteristics impressed themselves on his tutors in law.

His public life began in 1773, when he was made secretary of the Royal Commission appointed to settle the disputed boundary question between New York and Connecticut, and lasted, without intermission, until failing health induced him to retire to private life in 1800. On April 28, 1774, while still acting as secretary of the Royal Boundary Commission, he married Miss Sarah Livingston, the youngest daughter of William Livingston, afterward famous as the Revolutionary War Governor of New Jersey. She was a woman of great beauty and culture, possessing literary tastes and abilities. She proved of great help to him during the whole of his after life, encouraging and sustaining him when the dark days of calumny and detraction came.

When the struggle between the colonies and the mother country came, Mr. Jay threw himself heart and soul into the patriot cause. He was among the first in New York to urge active measures in resistance to the encroachments of the British Parliament on the rights of the colonies, and so prominent did he become through his writings that he was placed on the famous Committee of Fifty-one. At one of the early meetings of this committee he presented a memorial and a series of resolutions urging that a congress, composed of delegates from all the colonies, be held to take into consideration the state of the whole country, and to devise plans for a union of the efforts at resistance. This was the first authoritative suggestion for a general congress, and it eventuated in a meeting held at Albany, New York, out of which grew the Continental Congress which piloted the country through the Revolutionary War, and established the Confederation of States.

To this first Continental Congress Jay was sent as one of the delegates from New York, having been unanimously chosen by his fellowcitizens. This is the Congress of which John Adams said: "Here for the first time were gathered together from the different colonies representatives of every shade of opinion." When organized the first regular business transacted by the Congress was the appointment of a committee to prepare an address to the people in which should be stated the rights of the colonies in general. Jay was a member of this committee and assisted in drafting the report. In the debate which followed the submission of the report to Congress he took an active part, establishing himself as a vigorous debater. The views he presented and enforced by his logical reasoning were finally adopted as the views. of the Congress. It was during this debate that Patrick Henry made his famous speech in which he said: "I am not a Virginian! I am an American!" being the first declaration of a national spirit among the colonists.

Mr. Jay was also a member of the second Continental Congress. In