sea, and in some forms these shining appendages are highly developed. In one form (Ethoprora) a luminous body covers the end of the nose, like the head-light of an engine. In another (Ipnops) the two eyes themselves are flattened out, covering the whole top of the head, and are luminous. in life. Many of these species have excessively large teeth, and some have been known to swallow animals actually larger than themselves. Those which have lantern-like spots have always large eyes.

The deep-sea fishes, however fantastic, have all near relatives among the shore forms. Most of them are degenerate representatives of well-known species-for example, of eels, cod, smelt, grenadiers, sculpin, and flounders. The deep-sea crustaceans and mollusks are similarly related to shore forms.

The third great subdivision of marine animals is the littoral or shore group, those living in water of moderate depth, never venturing far into the open sea either at the surface or in the depths. This group shades into both the preceding. The individuals of some of the species are excessively local, remaining their life long in tide pools or coral reefs or piles of rock. Others venture far from home, and might well be classed as pelagic. Still others ascend rivers either to spawn (anadromous, as the salmon, shad, and striped bass), or for purposes of feeding, as the robalo, corvina, and other shore-fishes of the tropics. Some live among rocks alone, some in sea-weed, some on sandy shores, some in the surf, and some only in sheltered lagoons. In all seas there are fishes and other marine animals, and each creature haunts the places for which it is fitted.

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS *

In this diagram of classification every animal referred to in this book, either by its vernacular or its scientific name, is assigned to its proper class and branch. Of the species mentioned by their scientific names, only the genus name is given in this list.

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

BRANCH I. PROTOZOA

CLASS I. Rhizŏp'oda.

Ama'ba, Globigeri'næ, Radiola'ria.

CLASS II. Mycētozō'a.

CLASS III. Mastigoph'ora.

Volvocin'eæ, Gō'nium, Păndori'na, Eudori'na, Võľ'võx.

CLASS IV. Spōrozō'a.

Gregarina.

CLASS V. Infusō'ria.

Părama'cium, Vorticella.

BRANCH II. PORIF'ERA

CLASS I. Porifera.

Sponges, Calcolin' thus, Prophysema, Spongilla, Spon'gia, Cli'ona.

BRANCH III. CŒLEN'TERA'TA (se-len-te-rā'-ta)

CLASS I. Hydrozō'a.

Hy'dra, Eucō'pe, Siphonoph'ora, Phýsŏph'ora, Obē'lia, sea-anĕm'one, pol'yp, Physā'lia, Părapăg'urus.

CLASS II. Scyphozō'a (si-fō-zō'-a).

Jelly-fish, Liz'zia.

CLASS III. Actinozō'a.

Cor'als, Mētri'dium.

CLASS IV. Ctěnŏph'ora (těn-ŏph'-o-ra).

*The arrangement of branches (or phyla) and classes here used is that adopted in Parker and Haswell's Text-Book of Zoology (1897).

BRANCH IV. PLĂTYHĚLMİN'THES

CLASS I. Turbella'ria.

Plana'ria.

CLASS II. Trematō'da.

CLASS III. Cěstō'da.

Tape-worm, Ta'nia, Lig'ula, flat-worm.

APPENDIX TO PLATYHELMINTHES-CLASS Nemertin'ea.

BRANCH V. NĚMATHĚLMIN'THES

CLASS I. Němato'da.

Syn'gamus, round-worm, Trichi'na, Bothriocephalus, pup

worm, Uncinā'ria.

CLASS II. Acanthoceph'ala.

CLASS III. Chætŏg'natha (kē-tog'-na-tha).

BRANCH IX. ANNULÃ'TA

CLASS I. Chætŏp'oda (kē-top'-o-da).

Earth-worm.

APPENDIX TO THE CHÆTOPODA-CLASS Mỹzostŏm'ida.

CLASS II. Gephyrē a (jěf-e-rē'-a).

CLASS III.

Archi-annĕl'ida.

CLASS IV. Hirudin'ea.

BRANCH X. ARTHRŎP'ODA

CLASS I. Crustacea.

Lobster, cray-fish, crab, barnacle, Lē'pas, hermit-crab, Păg'urus, pea-crab, Pinnothĕ'res, Epizoăn' thus, fish-lice, whale-lice, Sacculi'na, Lernæo' cera, prawn, Penē us.

APPENDIX TO CRUSTACEA-CLASS Trilobi'ta.

CLASS II. Ŏnychoph'ora.

CLASS III. Myrĭăp'oda.
Cĕn'tiped.

CLASS IV. Insec'ta.

Water-beetle, water-bug, canker-worm moth, bee, white ant, cockroach, mosquito, weevil, grasshopper, caterpillar, butterfly, katydid, beetle, Dip'tera, Lěpidŏp'tera, monarch butterfly, Anō'sia, Cu'lex, Melan'oplus, May-fly, locust, cottony-cushion scale, Ice'rya, lady-bird, Vēdā'lia, praying-horse, Măn'tis, Ser'phus, Cecro'pia, gall insect, An'dricus, mole-cricket, Gryllotalpa, Hydroph'ilus, Prio'nus, Camponotus, plant-lice, Ăph'idæ, Coc'cidæ, Āphis-lion, ant, Ec'iton, termite, bumble-bee, carpenter-bee, Andrē'na, Halic'tus, yellow-jacket, hornet, Věs'pa, wasp, Ăt'ta, bird-lice, Mallŏph'aga, flea, louse, Pediculus, Lipeu'rus, Hymenop'tera, ichneumon fly, Thalěs'sa, horn-tail, Trē'mex, Polis'tes, Stýlŏp'idæ, Stÿ'lops, red orange-scale, toad-bug, Găl gulus, inch-worm, span-worm, geometrid, walking-stick, Diapherom'era, Phyllium, meadow brown, Grăp'ta, Kăl'lima, sphinx-moth, tomato-worm,. Phlegethon'tius, puss-moth, Cerū'ra, viceroy butterfly, Bāsilar'chia, Dana'idæ, Helicon'idæ, Piĕr'idæ, Papiliŏn'idæ, Syr'phidæ, flower-flies, tree-hopper, Membrăc'idæ, Hemip'tera, Sau'ba (saw'-ba), carrionbeetle, Callosa'mia, promē'thea, cricket, cica'da, dragon-fly, Cynip'idæ, Hessian-fly, mud-dauber, Lerē'ma, Erýn'nis, skipper butterfly, Schistocer'ca.

CLASS V. Arǎch'nida.

Tardigrada, bear-animalcule, scorpion, Lycos'idæ, tick, itchmite, Sarcop'tes, spider, trap-door spider, turret-spider, Cteni'za.

BRANCH XI. MŎLLUS'CA

CLASS I. Pělecуp'oda.

CLASS II. Amphineu'ra.

Clam, pond-mussel, Li'ma.

CLASS III. Gastropoda.

Pond-snail, Lymnæ'us, whelk.

APPENDIX TO THE GASTROPODA-CLASS Scaphop'oda AND Rhō'dope. CLASS IV. Cephalopoda.

BRANCH XII. CHORDĀ'TA

SUB-BRANCH I. Adělochor'da.

CLASS Adelochorda.

SUB-BRANCH II. Urochor'da. CLASS Urochorda.

Sea-squirts, Tunica'ta.

SUB-BRANCH III. Vertebra'ta. DIVISION A. Acra'nia. CLASS Acrania. DIVISION B. Crāniā'ta.

CLASS I. Cyclostŏm'ata.
CLASS II. Pis'ces (pis'-sez).

Codfish, sculpin, skate, lady-fish, Al'bula, sword-fish, Xiph'ias, flounder, Platoph'rys, Salanx, Cot'tus, blob, miller's - thumb, conger-eel, Rem'ora, Exoca'tus, flying-fish, Cypselu'rus (sip-se-lu rus), deep-sea angler, lantern-fish, Corynolophus, Echios'toma, Ethoph'ora, nokee, scorpion-fish, Emmydrich'thys, mad-tom, Schilbeōdes, cat-fish, horned pout, toad-fish, sting-ray, globe-fish, porcupine-fish, torpedo, electric eel, electric cat-fish, star-gazer, electric ray, Urŏl'ophus, Di'odon, Narcî'nē, Rā'ja, black-fish, mud-fish, trout, Săl'mo, chub, horned dace, Echeneididae Amphiprion, Nō'meus, hag-fish, Myxi'ne, Heptatre'ma, Polistotrē'ma, lamprey, Oligocot'tus, mouse-fish, lava-fish, Pterophrýne, pipe-fish, Phyllŏp'teryx, anglers, Lō'phius, Antennā'rius, Ceratiide, minnow, mackerel, sucker, salmon, shad, alewife, sturgeon, striped bass, quin'nat, eel, şun-fish, stickle-back, carp, cutlass-fish, rainbow darter, channel-cat, Au'xis, tunny, dolphin, opah, shark, Æthoprō'ra, Ĭp'nops, cod, smelt, grenadier, rōb'alo, corvi'na, Chologas'ter, Typhlich'thys, blind-fish.

CLASS III. Amphĭb'ia.

Toad, frog, salamander, tree-frog, Hÿ'la.

CLASS IV. Reptĭl'ia.

Tortoise, snake, horned toad, Phrynōsō'ma, rattlesnake, lizards, An'olis, chameleon, Gila monster, Heloder'ma, Elaps, coralil'los, Lămpropel tis, Osceola, alligator.