best use on a basis of personal observational work by the student in laboratory and field. Without independent personal work of the student little can be learned about animals and their life that will remain fixed. But presentday teachers of biology are too well informed to make a discussion of the methods of their work necessary here. As a matter of fact, the methods of the teacher depend so absolutely on his training and individual initiative that it is not worth while for the authors to point out the place of this book in elementary zoölogical teaching. That the phase of study it attempts to represent should have a place in such teaching is, of course, their firm belief.
The obligations of the authors for the use of certain illustrations are acknowledged in proper place. Where no credit is otherwise given, the drawings have been made by Miss Mary H. Wellman or by Mr. James Carter Beard, and the photographs have been made by the authors or under their direction.
DAVID STARR JORDAN, VERNON LYMAN KELLOGG.
NOTE. After the pages of the book were cast, it was thought that a transposition of Chapters III and IV would present a more logical arrangement, and teachers are advised to omit in their study scheme Chapter III until Chapter IV is completed.
The simplest animals, or Protozoa, 1.-The animal cell, 2.-
What the primitive cell can do, 5.-Amœba, 5.-Paramecium, 9.
-Vorticella, 12.-Marine Protozoa, 15.-Globigerinæ and Radio-
laria, 16.-Antiquity of the Protozoa, 20.—The primitive form,
20. The primitive but successful life, 21.
II. THE LIFE OF THE SLIGHTLY COMPLEX ANIMALS
Colonial Protozoa, 24.-Gonium, 25.-Pandorina, 26.-Eudo-
rina, 27.—Volvox, 28.-Steps toward complexity, 30.—Individual
or colony, 31.-Sponges, 32.-Polyps, corals, and jelly-fishes, 37.
-Hydra, 37.-Differentiation of the body cells, 41.-Medusa or
jelly-fishes, 41.-Corals, 43.-Colonial jelly-fishes, 45.-Increase
in the degree of complexity, 48.
III. THE MULTIPLICATION OF ANIMALS AND SEX
All life from life, 50.-Spontaneous generation, 51.-The
simplest method of multiplication, 53.-Slightly complex methods
of multiplication, 54.-Differentiation of the reproductive cells, 55.
-Sex, or male and female, 57.-The object of sex, 57.-Sex di-
morphism, 58.-The number of young, 61.
IV.-FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE
Organs and functions, 63.-Differentiation of structure, 64.—
Anatomy and physiology, 64.-The animal body a machine, 65.
-The specialization of organs, 66.-The alimentary canal, 66.-
Stable and variable characteristics of an organ, 73.-Stable and
variable characteristics of the alimentary canal, 73.-The mutual
relation of function and structure, 77.
Birth, growth and development, and death, 78.-Life cycle of
simplest animals, 78.-The egg, 79.-Embryonic and post-em- bryonic development, 80.-Continuity of development, 83.-De- velopment after the gastrula stage, 84.-Divergence of develop-
ment, 84.—The laws or general facts of development, 86.-The
significance of the facts of development, 89.-Metamorphosis,
90.-Metamorphosis among insects, 90.-Metamorphosis of the
toad, 94.-Metamorphosis among other animals, 96.-Duration of
life, 101.-Death, 103.
VI. THE PRIMARY CONDITIONS OF ANIMAL LIFE.
Primary conditions and special conditions, 106.-Food, 106.-
Oxygen, 107.-Temperature, pressure, and other conditions, 108.
-Difference between animals and plants, 111.-Living organic
matter and inorganic matter, 112.
VII. THE CROWD OF ANIMALS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EXIST-
ENCE
The crowd of animals, 114.-The struggle for existence, 116.
-Selection by Nature, 117.-Adjustment to surroundings a re-
sult of natural selection, 120.-Artificial selection, 120.-Depend-
ence of species on species, 121.
Relation of parasite and host, 179.-Kinds of parasitism, 180.
-The simple structure of parasites, 181.-Gregarina, 182.—The
tape-worm and other flat-worms, 183.-Trichina and other round-
worms, 184.-Sacculina, 187.-Parasitic insects, 188.-Parasitic
vertebrates, 193.-Degeneration through quiescence, 193.-De-
generation through other causes, 197.-Immediate causes of de-
generation, 198.-Advantages and disadvantages of parasitism
and degeneration, 198.-Human degeneration, 200.
Importance of the special senses, 224.-Difficulty of the study
of the special senses, 224.-Special senses of the simplest ani-
mals, 225.-The sense of touch, 226.-The sense of taste, 228.-
The sense of smell, 229.-The sense of hearing, 232.-Sound-mak-
ing, 235 -The sense of sight, 237.
XIV.-INSTINCT AND REASON.
Irritability, 240.-Nerve cells and fibers, 240.-The brain or
sensorium, 241.-Reflex action, 241.-Instinct, 242.-Classifica-
tion of instincts, 243.-Feeding, 244.-Self-defense, 245.-Play,
247.-Climate, 248.-Environment, 248.-Courtship, 248.-Repro-
duction, 249.-Care of the young, 250.—Variability of instincts,
251.-Reason, 251.-Mind, 255.
XV.-HOMES AND DOMESTIC HABITS
Geographical distribution, 272.-Laws of distribution, 274.—
Species debarred by barriers, 274.-Species de barred by inability
to maintain their ground, 275.-Species altered by adaptation to
new conditions, 276.-Effect of barriers, 283.-Relation of species
to habitat, 283.-Character of barriers to distribution, 288.-Bar-
riers affecting fresh-water animals, 294.-Modes of distribution,
296.-Fauna and faunal areas, 296.-Realms of animal life, 297.-
Subordinate realms or provinces, 303.-Faunal areas of the sea,
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