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41. Sentences may also be pigeon-holed, or placed in markedoff spaces or columns, like the following:

"Thro' the black Tartar tents he passed, which stood
Clustering like bee-hives on the low black strand

Of Oxus, where the summer floods o'erflow

When the sun melts the snow in high Pamír."

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42. There is a kind of Continuous Analysis, which may often-not without benefit-be applied to longer passages, and especially to passages taken from the poets. For example:

A

"Alas! the meanest herb that scents the gale,
The lowliest flower that blossoms in the vale

Even where it dies, at spring's sweet call renews

To second life its odours and its hues."

1. Alas! an interjection, with no syntactical relation to any word in the sentence.

2. the meanest, attributive or enlargement to 3.

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8. the lowliest, attributive or enlargement to 9.

9. flower, Subject to 10.

10. renews, Predicate to 9.

B11. odours and hues, Object to 10.

12. at... call, Extension to 10.

13. to. life, Extension to 10.

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WORD-BUILDING AND DERIVATION.

1. The primary element-that which is the shortest formof a word is called its root. Thus tal (which means number) is the root of the words tale and tell and till (a box for money).

2. The stem is the root + some modification. Thus love (love) is the stem of lov.

3. It is to the stem that all inflexions are added, and thus to love we add d for the past tense.

4. If to the root we add a suffix, then the word so formed is called a derivative. Thus by adding ling to dar (= dear), we make darling.

5. In general, we add English prefixes and English suffixes to English words; but this is not always the case. Thus we have cottage, where the Latin ending age is added to the English word cot; and covetousness, where the English ending ness is added to the Latin word covetous. Such words are called hybrids.

6. When two words are put together to make one, the one word so made is called a compound.

7. The adding of prefixes or of suffixes to words, or the making one word out of two, is called word-formation.

COMPOUND NOUNS.

8. Compound Nouns are formed by the addition of:

(i) Noun and Noun, as

Bandog (=bond-dog).

Bridal (=bride-ale).

Brimstone (= burn-stone).
Bylaw (= law for a by or town).

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A Blackbird has the accent on black, and is one word. A blackbird need not be a black' bird'.

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9. There are in the language a great many compound adjectives, such as heart-whole, sea-sick, etc.; and these are formed in a large number of different ways.

Compound adjectives may be formed in the following ways:

(i) Noun + Adjective, as purse-proud, wind-swift, way-weary, seagreen, lily-white.

(ii) Noun +Present Participle, as ear-piercing, death-boding, heartrending, spirit-stirring, sea-faring, night-walking, home-keeping.

(iii) Noun +Passive Participle, as moth-eaten, worm-eaten, tempesttossed, way-laid, forest-born, copper-fastened, moss-clad, sea-girt.

(iv) Adverb + Present Participle, as far-darting, everlasting, highstepping, well-meaning, long-suffering, far-reaching, hard-working.

(v) Adverb +Passive Participle, as high-born, "ill-weaved,” well-bred, thorough-bred, high-strung, ill-pleased.

(vi) Noun + Noun+ed, as hare-brained, dog-hearted, beetle-headed, periwig-pated, club-footed, lily-livered, trumpet-tongued, eagle-eyed.

(vii) Adjective+Noun+ed, as evil-eyed, grey-headed, thin-faced, empty-headed, tender-hearted, thick-lipped, two-legged, three-cornered, four-sided, high-minded, bald-pated.

(viii) Noun+Noun, as bare-foot, lion-heart, iron-side.

(ix) Adverb +Noun + ed, as down-hearted, under-handed.

COMPOUND VERBS.

10. There are not many compound verbs in the English language. The few that there are are formed thus :

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THE FORMATION OF ADVERBS.

11. Adverbs are derived from Nouns, from Adjectives, from Pronouns, and from Prepositions.

a. Adverbs derived from Nouns are either: (i) Old Possessives, or (ii) Old Datives, or (iii) Compounds of a Noun and a Preposition :

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(i) Old Possessives: Needs of need, or of necessity. The Calendrer says to John Gilpin about his hat and wig

"My head is twice as big as yours,

They therefore needs must fit."

Of the same class are: always, nowadays, betimes.

(ii) Old Datives.

(=in old times).

These are seldom and the old-fashioned whilom

(iii) Compounds: anon = (in one moment), abed (=on bed) asleep, aloft, abroad, indeed, of a truth, by turns, perchance, perhaps.

b. Adverbs derived from Adjectives are either: (i) Old Possessives, or (ii) Old Datives, or (iii) Compounds of an Adjective and a Preposition :

(i) Old Possessives: else (ell-es, possessive of al=other), unawares, once (=ones), twice, thrice, etc.

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