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(i) Loyal and royal are the same words as legal and regal; but, in passing through French, the hard g has been refined into a y.

3. An, ane, or ain (Lat. anus and aneus) = connected with, as in— Certain. Humane. Pagan (pagus, a district).

Human (homo).

(i) This ending disguises itself in mizzen (medianus); in surgeon (chirurgianus); and in sexton (contracted from sacristan).

(ii) In champaign (level), and foreign (foraneus), this ending greatly disguises itself. In strange (extraneus), still more. All have been strongly influenced in their passage through the French.

4. Ant, ent (Lat. antem, entem, acc. of pres. part.), as in—

Current (curro, I run).

Distant. President.

Discordant. 5. Ar (Lat. āris) which appears also as er = belonging to, as in

Regular.

Singular.

Secular.

Premier.

(i) Premier (Lat. primarius), has received its present spelling by passing through French.

6. Ary (Lat. ārius), which also takes the secondary formations of arious and arian = belonging to, as in

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(i) Feeble (Lat. flebilis, worthy of being wept over), comes to us through the O. Fr. floible.

(ii) This suffix unites easily with English roots to form hybrids, like eatable, drinkable, teachable, gullible. Carlyle has also doable.

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10. Esque (Lat. iscus; Fr. esque) = partaking of, as in

=

Burlesque.

Grotesque (grotto).

Picturesque.

(i) This ending is disguised in Danish, French, etc.; and in morris (dance)

Moresco (or Moorish).

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Gigantic.

Metallic. Public (populus). Rustic.

(i) This ending is disguised in indigo (from Indicus [colour] = the Indian colour.)

12. Id (Lat. Idus) = having the quality of, as in—

Acid.

Frigid.

Limpid.

Morbid.

13. Ile, il (Lat. Ilis), often used as a passive suffix, as in—

Docile.

Fragile.

Mobile.

Civil.

(i) Frugile, in passing through French, lost the g-which was always hardand became frail.

(ii) The suffix ile is disguised in gentle and subtle.

(iii) Gentile, gentle, and genteel, are all different forms of the same word.

(iv) Kennel ( = canile) is really an adjective from canis.

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(i) In marine, the ending, by passing through French, has acquired a French pronunciation.

15. Ive (Lat. Ivus) = inclined to, as in—

Abusive.

Active.

Fugitive.

Plaintive.

(i) This ending appears also as if, by passing through French, as in caitiff (= captivus); and in the nouns plaintiff and bailiff.

(ii) It also disguises itself as a y in hasty, jolly, testy, which in O. Fr. were hastif, jollif, testif (= heady).

(iii) It unites with the English word talk to form the hybrid talkative.

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(i) The form in ous has been influenced by the French ending eux.

19. Ous (Lat. us) = belonging to, as in—

Anxious.

Assiduous.

Ingenuous.

Omnivorous.

(i) It unites with English words to form the hybrids wondrous, boisterous, righteous (which is an imitative corruption of the O.E. rihtwîs).

20. Und (Lat. undus)

=

Jocund.

full of, as in-
Moribund.

Rotund.

(i) Rotund has been shortened into round. Second is, through French, from Lat. secundus (from sequor, I follow)—the number that follows the first. Ventus secundus is a favourable wind, or a "wind that follows fast."

(ii) This ending is slightly modified in vagabond and second.

21. Ulous (Lat. ŭlus):

full of, as in

Querulous (full of complaint).

Sedulous.

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(i) Assassinate (from the Arabic hashish, a preparation of Indian hemp, whose effects are similar to those of opium) is a hybrid.

2. Esce (Lat. esco), a frequentative suffix, as in—

Coalesce (to grow together).

Effervesce (to boil up).

3. Fy (Lat. fico; Fr. fie-from Lat. facio) = to make, as in—

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=

Signify.

4. Ish (connected with Lat. esco) to make, as in

Admonish.

Establish.

Finish.

Nourish.

5. Ete, ite, t (Lat. itum, etum, tum), with an active function, as in

Complete.

Delete.

Expedite.

Connect.

26. The suffixes which the English language has adopted from Greek are not numerous; but some of them are very useful. Most of them are employed to make nouns. The following are

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(i) Fancy is a compressed form of phantasy (phantasia = imagination).
(ii) The Iliad is the story of Ilion (Troy), written by Homer.

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(i) With the addition of the Latin alis, adjectives are formed from some of these words, as logical, musical, etc.

(ii) The plural form of some adjectives also makes nouns of them, as in politics, ethics, physics. In Ireland we find also logics.

(iii) Arithmetic, logic, and music are from Greek nouns ending in ikë.

3. Sis (Gr. σis)= action, as in—

Analysis.

Emphasis.

Genesis.

Synthesis.

(i) In the following words sis has become sy, as hypocrisy, poesy, palsy (short for paralysis).

(ii) In the following the is has dropped away altogether-ellipse, phase.

4. Ma or m (Gr. μa), passive suffix, as in—

Diorama.
Baptism.

Dogma. Drama (something done). Schism.
Barbarism. Despotism.

Egotism.

(i) In diadem and system the a has dropped off; in scheme and theme it has been changed into an e.

(ii) Schism comes from schizo, I cut. The ending in ismos is most frequent. (iii) This ending unites freely with Latin words to form hybrids, as in deism, mannerism, purism, provincialism, vulgarism, etc.

5. St (Gr. orns) = agent, as in—

Baptist.

Botanist.

Iconoclast (image-breaker).

(i) This suffix has become a very useful one, and is largely employed. It forms numerous hybrids with words of Latin origin, as abolitionist, excursionist, educationist, journalist, protectionist, jurist, socialist, specialist, royalist.

6. T or te (Gr. Tns) = agent, as in

Comet.

Planet.

Poet.

Apostate.

(i) Comet means a long-haired star; planet, a wanderer; poet, a maker (in Northern English poets called themselves "Makkers"); an apostate, a person who has fallen away.

(ii) This ending is also found in the form of ot and it, as in idiot, patriot, hermit.

7. Ter or tre (Gr. Tрov), denotes an instrument or place, as in

Metre.

Centre.

8. Isk (Gr. Lokos), a diminutive, as in—

Asterisk (a little star).

Theatre.

Obelisk (a small spit).

Anglicize.

9. Ize or ise (Gr. (w) makes factitive verbs, as in

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(i) This ending combines with Latin words to form the hybrids minimise,

realise, etc.

127

WORD-BRANCHING.

brindle

brown

These words,

burn

brand

brandy

brimstone

WHEN our language was young and uninfluenced by other languages, it had the power of growing words. like plants, grew from a root; and all the words that grew from the same root had a family likeness. Thus byrn-an, the old word for to burn, gave us brimstone, brown (which is the burnt colour), brunt, brand, brandy, and brindle. These we might represent to ourselves, on the blackboard, as growing in this way. But, unfortunately, we soon lost this power. From the time when the Nor

brunt

byrn-an

mans came into this country in 1066, the language became less and less capable of growing its own words. Instead of producing a new word, we fell into the habit of simply taking an old and ready-made word from French, or from Latin, or from Greek, and giving it a place in the language. Instead of the Old English word fairhood, we imported the French word beauty; instead of forewit, we adopted the Latin word caution; instead of licherest, we took the Greek word cemetery. And so it came about that in course of time we lost the power of growing our own new words. The Greek word asterisk has prevented our making the word starkin; the Greek name astronomy has kept out star-craft; the Latin word omnibus has stopped our even thinking of folkwain; and the name vocabulary is much more familiar to our ears than wordhoard, Indeed, so strange have some of our own native

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