industrial appointments, and vice versá; and the works chemist is sometimes employed to carry out routine work for the University professor. Ehrlich, for instance, availed himself of the services of the staff of a works laboratory in preparing the long series of organic compounds, among which No. 606 has become famous as salvarsan.

One obvious suggestion for bringing about a closer association between the Universities and the industries is the introduction into Universities of a much larger number of chemists who have had works experience. A corresponding policy was adopted with excellent results when engineering was introduced into the University curriculum. Another suggestion which has been put forward is that advisory committees of technical experts should be appointed to supervise the work of applied science departments of Universities. Exception has been taken to this suggestion on the ground that University professors would not submit to control from technical men. Sympathetic administration is, however, essential for the success of applied science departments; and control by technical experts would be preferable to control by men of exclusively academic interests. In so far as research work of economic value relating to specific industries is carried on, the manufacturer may reasonably be expected to participate by offering both personal service and financial assistance. Under Professor Duncan's scheme of industrial fellowships, the manufacturer provides the emoluments of a Fellow to investigate some industrial problem proposed by the manufacturer, who is assured of a fair share of any commercial profits resulting from discoveries made by the investigator. The Fellows are appointed by the University, and work in the University laboratory under the supervision of the Director; and the scientific and library resources of the University are freely placed at his disposal. A wide range of industrial problems is at present under investigation in the University of Pittsburgh, including such subjects as laundering, glass, copper, stone, fats, acetylene, fertilisers, leather, yeast, soap, glue, enamel, cement, natural gas and crude petroleum.

The reader who has pursued so far what may appear to be a somewhat desultory discussion, will look for some

general conclusions and some suggestions for reform. In the final analysis, the two main aspects of the question under discussion appear to be educational and economic. Clearly, our Universities and Colleges must train a vastly larger number of students if the requirements of industrial development are to be adequately met; and, to this end, secondary and elementary schools must inspire in their pupils a stronger ambition for higher education and a greater willingness to make sacrifices to secure it. On the other hand, the scientific industries must offer a career to University students who have been properly trained for industrial work. The vicious circle in which we are at present moving must by some means be broken down. Universities must make definite provision for the training of industrial chemists, as they have successfully done for engineers; and co-operative relations must be established between the Universities and the scientific industries.

The economic aspect of the question is more inscrutable. Direct Government subsidies for new scientific industries seem a desperate and, at best, a partial remedy. Well-informed opinion is already asserting that, in order to withstand German competition in the dye industry after the war, some form of protection will have to be introduced. To be candid, it requires no great feat of mental gymnastic to pass from one form of State assistance to another. The point has probably not been overlooked by the authors of the White Paper; but, as they say, 'we cannot hope to improvise an effective system at the moment when hostilities cease.' For the time being, at any rate, the war is giving the infant industry a virtual protection; and whether the national benefits, direct and indirect, of establishing in this country the more highly specialised scientific industries would justify the imposition of protective tariffs, is a question which will have to be discussed 'when hostilities cease' and the economic war begins again. For the present, we may rest content with the hope that the policy of the Government, assisted by a quickened sense of responsibility in teachers, administrators and manufacturers, will produce good results.

THOMAS LLOYD HUMBERSTONE.

FENGE PUBLIC LIBRARY

Art. 14.-ALLENS, WEDGWOODS, AND DARWINS.

Emma Darwin: A Century of Family Letters, 1792-1896. Edited by her daughter, Henrietta Litchfield. Two vols. London: Murray, 1915.

THE existence of this book is a powerful argument in favour of keeping old letters. Let us, however, distinguish. The letter-writing of clever people in days before railways and the penny post was a very different thing from the letter-writing of the present time, when haste and brevity are the soul of correspondence. The Allens, Wedgwoods, and Darwins, whose letters, collected by Mrs Wedgwood of Maer and carefully preserved by her daughter, the late Miss Elizabeth Wedgwood, who died at a great age in 1880, were people who took their correspondence seriously, and who discussed the affairs of themselves, their families and the world with proper deliberation, and yet with a brightness of outlook and a lightness of touch that are beyond praise. To read their correspondence between about 1792 and 1845 is to become intimately acquainted with a number of interesting people, and with their friends in the great world, and to obtain a number of new views about the history of the time and the opinions held by a singularly intelligent class of English society.

If Mrs Litchfield, Charles Darwin's daughter, had been content with arranging, editing and annotating only these early letters, she would have earned our gratitude, but she has done much more. The bulk of the second volume deals with her own immediate family, her illustrious father, her mother, who was Emma Wedgwood, and her distinguished brothers; their life in London and at Down in Kent; and the fourteen years of her mother's widowhood, a great part of which was spent at Cambridge. The interest of this last volume is not inferior to that of the first, though of course it is different. On the one hand it supplements the wellknown Life of Charles Darwin by showing us in some detail the domestic and truly human side of a great man of science; on the other, it paints a charming picture of Emma Darwin, the best of wives and mothers, and at the same time a woman of high intelligence and wide

cultivation, with definite views on politics and literature, and with the gift of expressing them in a clear and pointed style. In a word, she is revealed to us not only as the worthy helpmeet of Charles Darwin, and as the worthy mother of Sir George and Sir Francis, but as the true kinswoman of the many delightful ladies whose acquaintance we have been allowed to make and cultivate in the first volume.

The marriages of Allens, Wedgwoods and Darwins were decidedly complicated, so that the reader has no little difficulty in keeping the different individuals and their relationships clearly in his mind. Fortunately each volume provides a guide in the three pedigree tables which are prefixed; these, if he takes the necessary trouble of referring to them from time to time, will enable him to distinguish between the different Elizabeths (who are many), the different Carolines and Catherines, the different Toms and Johns, and to avoid confusing the three Josiah Wedgwoods, father, son, and grandson. This being premised, we may proceed to speak of the three families in order. The Allens appear to have been settled for some centuries in Pembrokeshire, and, since about 1730, to have owned the estate of Cresselly. At the time the book opens, the head of the family was John Bartlett Allen, who had fought in the Seven Years' War, and who in his old age appears to have retained something of the manners of a Prussian Grenadier. He was fortunate, however, in having a number of charming and clever daughters, with several of whom this book is intimately concerned. Of these, Elizabeth married Josiah Wedgwood (1792), second surviving son of the founder of the works at Etruria; Louisa married John Wedgwood, his elder brother; Catherine married the celebrated Sir James Mackintosh; Jessie married the historian Sismondi; and the youngest, Frances, always known as Fanny, remained unmarried, but has enriched the world with many of the best letters in this book, full of vivacity and good sense. Of these sisters, Elizabeth (Bessy) was the eldest, and whether as elder sister to Jessie and Frances, or as mother of her own large family, or as the centre of an interesting society, she is one of the most attractive characters in the book.

To her and the Wedgwoods we may return presently, but meanwhile some at least of her seven sisters claim a certain notice. We may pass over Harriet, unhappily married to a Mr Surtees, and Emma, who is not interesting except for her passionate affection for her eldest sister Bessy. Among the others, Louisa, who was reckoned the beauty of the family-she must have been beautiful indeed if she surpassed the original of Romney's picture -was happy, though not in a worldly sense fortunate, in her marriage with John Wedgwood, Josiah's brother; he was a partner in Davison's Bank, by the failure of which he lost his fortune, but he retained everybody's respect, and did many quiet public services, being among other things the founder of the Horticultural Society. Another sister, Caroline, married the Rev. Edward Drewe, who died young, leaving her with two daughters, who made interesting marriages. One became the wife of Lord Gifford; the other married Mr Alderson, a distinguished lawyer, afterwards a judge. Their daughter, in 1857, married Lord Robert Cecil, afterwards the famous Lord Salisbury.

The other three Allen sisters have a more personal interest. Catherine, commonly known as Kitty, waited till she was thirty-three, and then became, in 1798, the second wife of Mr Mackintosh, who a few years later was knighted and went to India as Recorder of Bombay, to return with his wife to England about 1810, and there to enter upon the life of literary and political activities and ambitions, of vigorous and often brilliant conversation, and unfortunately of financial confusion, in which he passed his remaining years. Mackintosh's life and character would be a fine study for the modern psychological novelist; he was so near to greatness and so near to happiness, and never achieved either. He was one of the first and ablest of the Edinburgh' reviewers; Charles Darwin thought him the best talker he had ever heard, better even than Carlyle or Macaulay; and he was freely spoken of as a probable member of Canning's Coalition Cabinet of 1827. His exclusion was the great disappointment of his later life. But there was a flaw in him somewhere. Many years before, Coleridge had written about him to Tom Wedgwood:

'I never doubted that he means to fulfil his engagements