week. F. Strauss, on Practical Theology, four times a week; Exercises in Homiletics, twice. A. Twesten, on Theological Encyclopedia and Methodology, twice a week; on the Literary History of the New Testament, daily; on Philosophical Theology, five times; private exercise on the same, once.

2. Professores Extraordinarii.

F. Benary, Introduction to the Old Testament, five times a week; Interpretation of Job, four times; Exegetical exercises on the Old Testament, once. J. L. Jacobi, Ancient Church History, daily; Modern Church History, daily. F. Piper, Ancient Church History, five times; Ecclesiastical Antiquities, twice a week. J. C. W. Vatkè, Universal Theology and the History of Religion, daily; Interpretation of the Psalms, five times. F. Uhlemann, Interpretation of Isaiah, five times; Antiquities of the Jews,

twice.

3. Privatim Docentes.

G. Neumann, Prophetical Theology of the Old Testament, thrice a week; Interpretation of Isaiah, five times; Canticles, once. S. Rauh, on the Gospels and Epistles of John, daily. H. Reuter, Symbolical Theology, five times; on the Nature and Notion of Religion, once. C. Schlottmann, Interpretation of the Psalms, five times; Disputations (private) in the Hebrew Language, once a week. F. L. Steinmeyer, History of Homiletics, twice a week. F. A. Strauss, Biblical Archaelogy, twice a week.

LETTER FROM PROFESSOR JACOBI. The New Ecclesiastical Constitution of

Prussia.

YOUR readers are aware that a few years ago, in Prussia, the connexion of Church and State was in a certain sense dissolved. The Protestant Church, left to the independent regulation of its own affairs, has felt the necessity of a new organization, putting it under a jurisdiction constituted by itself, instead of, as formerly, controlled by the State Minister of Worship and of Public Instruction. Preliminary measures to this end are now going forward under the royal authority. That division of the Ministry, which heretofore constituted, in subordination to the Minister of Worship and Public Instruction, the highest spiritual court, is now constituted into an independent Supreme Ecclesiastical Council. It stands more as co-ordinate to the ministry than

subordinate, and holds, in fact, immediately under the King.

This Council has jurisdiction over the expected Synods; over Worship, in relation to doctrines and liturgy; over festivals, the examination of candidates for the ministry, and the ordination and installation of ministers; over discipline, and many administrative relations. The former consistories are constituted central and superior courts. With these privileges the power of the Supreme Council is by no means insignificant; and with the tacit understanding that it is recognised by the King, the influence of the monarch becomes such as not to be easily distinguished from that of summus episcopus. It is among the defects of this fundamental law, that it seeks to preserve the former position of the king; well knowing, however, that this would give rise to strong opposition, the king's name is avoided, and the law is thus made ambiguous and obscure. We Germans are not yet able to resolve upon the bold step by which the churches in America made themselves inde

pendent of the State; indeed, there is also this great difference, that at the time when this step was taken there, the Christian life was more powerful than it is now in Germany. For yet a while, therefore, shall we in Prussia reap some advantage, but certainly not less prejudice, from the religious or irreligious tendencies of the head of the State. The plan of organization adjusts the organic law of congregations or societies after the manner of the Presbyterian Church. Under the guidance of the pastor is a church consistory, composed of laymen, of choosing, on account of the often low at least four in number. The active right state of Christian life, it has been necessary to connect with very stringent conditions. The right to elect is permitted to all who, in the Jewish sense, are independent heads and fathers of families, twenty-four years of age, and in possession of civil rights. Eligibility requires of a person to be thirty years of age, of moral conduct, and a participant in the church's means of grace. The pastor and church-warden present at least a double number of candidates, out of which the electors choose. It is then the duty of the consistory to sustain the pastor in his care for souls, to maintain the order of worship and of the Sabbath, to take charge of the property of the church, to concur in the appointment of the pastor and subordinate church officers, to represent the church in the school, and to superintend the care of

the poor and the sick. It is also its duty, by representatives, to take part in the synod of the circle. On the authority of the sy nods, however, and the time of the installation, the plan says nothing. This has taken from it the confidence of many; we also believe the activity of the synods might be deferred to a season of greater prosperity in the Church; we do not overlook the difficulty, but we believe that something must be adventured. In activity itself will the Christianity of the churches be invigorated. Professor Mau.

Theological science has sustained another blow in the loss of Professor MAU, of Kiel, who died some weeks ago. His studies lay mostly in the line of New-Testament Theology; and he is known especially by his treatise "Of Death the Wages of Sin; and of Salvation:" (Vom Tode, des Sünden Solde, u, von d. Erlösung.) The work, which is distinguished for its acute and vigorous thought, was written in reply to one on the same subject by Prof. Krabbe, of Rostock. Its chief peculiarity is the doctrine that the death of the body is inherent in its constitution, not the effect of sin; and therefore that redemption has regard only to spiritual death.

Ritschl on the Early Church.

In Bonn, a kind of theology appears at present to be taking root, inheriting the principles of the Tübingen school of Baur, but not declaring so many of our canonical books of Scripture spurious; and therefore departing especially from both Baur and Schwegler in acknowledging the apostolic tenor of many of the epistles of the New Testament, and in the reception of the history of the first two centuries of the Christian era. A characteristic production of this mongrel school, and one put forth with no little confidence, is a book with the title, "The Origin of the Ancient Catholic Church," by Dr. Albrecht Ritschl, Private Tutor in Theology at the University of Bonn.* The author, in his introduction, gives a critique on the hitherto received idea of the origin of the ancient Catholic Church in primitive Christianity, in which Neander's conception of this period is characterized as unhistorical and self-contradictory; he then gives, in the first book, the

* Die Entstehung der altkatholischen Kirche von Dr. Albrecht Ritschl, (Privatdocent der Theologie a. d. Universitat Bonn.) Bonn bei Marcus. 1850. 622 Seiten.

the

dogmatics; in the second, the development of his work. The first book begins with a somewhat detailed, but gratuitous, selection of passages, explaining one-sidedly the relation of Christ to the Mosaic law, His personal importance as Messias, and the doctrine of Paul. For the first point, the most important consideration is, whether or not we are to hold the Gospels as authentic. Dr. Ritschl confines his discussion to the Gospel of Matthew. He observes that he expects to find in it inaccuracies and interpolations; he fails, however, in that definite explanation which was the more to be expected, as the critical doubt is here favoured by the discrepancy between the Aramaic original and the Greek text. Of Mark's Gospel the author says not a word; and the authentic Gospel of Luke he does not look for in our canon, but in that used by Marcion, out of which, as he assumes, canonical book originated by retouching, according to a later tradition of the church. Already may be seen, in the relation of this circumstance, what is betrayed in other remarkable examples, namely, that the author lacks the ability to distinguish between the original and its proper derivatives. This, however, is a small matter compared with his neglect of the Gospel of John, of which he hardly once makes mention even in passing. In the construction of the history which Baur and Schwegler are bringing out, they borrow, indeed, also from the Gospel of the apostolical times, and attribute to it considerable importance; but, well knowing that its authenticity is sufficient to destroy the entire phantom of their primitive Church history, they attempt to accommodate its origin, as well as may be, to a later period. For any one, however, to venture, in order to describe the Church, for two hundred and fifty years from its foundation, to defame Montanius, Tertullian, the Alexandrian Fathers, Polycarp, the pupil of John, and Irenæus, the greater part of whom lived after this Gospel was written, thereby entirely ignoring this canonical book, is as contemptible as it is unexampled, and constitutes the most original feature of the entire work. It follows from this conduct, that the sublimest conceptions of Christ, which are especially to be found in this Gospel, are either designedly or tacitly avoided by the author. He declares, indeed, his belief in the sinless life of Christ, and in his dignity as the Saviour of men,a valuable confession, but one which is irreconcilable with his total conception of Christ.

For he holds Christ to be wholly circumscribed by the Jewish moral and ritual law, he understands the passage in Matt. v, 18, that no tittle shall pass from the Law till all be fulfilled, in its literal sense, and concludes from the command in Matt. v, 23, that Christ supposed sacrifices would continue to the end of the world,—an event, moreover, which he considered near at hand; -ideas not calculated to beget an exalted opinion of the author's logic. The declaration of Jesus, (Matt. xii, 6, 8,) that he is greater than the temple, and Lord of the Sabbath, gives Dr. Ritschl little uneasiness: he passes it over in silence. He is ef opinion that Jesus, in the Sermon on the Mount, opposed only the statutes of the Pharisees, and not also the Mosaic law. giving. Though he cannot conceal from himself that Moses, on account of the hardness of the people's hearts, suffered an infraction of God's word, (Matt. xix,) he yet rather attributes the text to an interpolation, or attributes indeed to Christ an inconsequence, sooner than doubt of his own opinion. Really this is not to be wondered at, when we learn that Christ conceived of the law not in its spirituality and unity, but as a mass of statutes, which he increased by laying down a single command for the regula tion of the spiritual affections. Thus the fundamental error of the Pharisaic legislation would also attach itself to the lawgiving of Christ. He who spoke through the prophets and the Psalms must have understood the true nature of the law. The author is so incapable of understanding the nature of that morality-the Holy One, learning every instant the distance that separated his own godlike purity from the sinful company about him, that Christ, in his opinion, never reflected upon it whether man could fulfil the law, much less presupposed his ability to do it; in which case Pelagius might justly have appealed to him. The sublime nature of Christ, and his very subordinate knowledge, are, in the author's opinion, irreconcilable with unity of purpose; and they have, according to his theory, given birth to diversity. The impulse to a holy life might proceed from the acknowledgment of Christ as the Messiah, and from the hope of his second coming; whereas the older apostles in the Jewish law may have persevered in reliance on the doctrine and precedence of Christ. This remained the character of the Jewish Christians, who maintained the continuance of the Jewish law in Christianity. Paul, how

ever, was indifferent to the historical tradition of Jesus-(Dr. Ritschl treats the Acts of the Apostles much as he pleases)but he deserves the credit of having established the doctrines of the Church,-really a very ambiguous credit to us, seeing he cared nothing for the history of Christ. Paul first established the doctrine of salvation not by works, but by faith, a theory which, according to Dr. Ritschl, was very far from the conceptions of Christ. Paul laid down as the substance of faith the vicarious atonement of Christ, the just for the unjust, which involves a logical contradiction; and this doctrine, in consideration that the Gospel was the power of fulfilling the law, has abrogated that only law. Though every simple Christian and every Catechism can inform us how the atonement, received in faith, and with gratitude and joy, can make salvation possible, yet Dr. Ritschl sees in it nothing but contradiction, and declares that the difficulty of this doctrine, and its want of harmony, have broken down that legal character which separated the ancient Catholic Church from the apostle Paul, you have considered Christianity as a new Law; and as Paul's rule of life was insufficient-which, however, is by no means true-you have turned again to the tradition of Christ, but your taste is changed. The author now attempts to trace back the form of the Catholic Church of the second century to the teachings of Paul, while Baur and Schwegler find it in Jewish Christianity. Though he bitterly reproaches Neander for admitting a retrogression in the development of the Church, yet he himself makes the same admission; and not merely a retrogression through the Christians of the post-apostolic epoch, but one that inculpates Paul, and even Christ himself;-a discovery upon which we set no very high value. We pursue the exposition no further at present, suffice it to have demonstrated the nothingness of the groundwork put forth with such confidence.

Neander's Posthumous Works.

Neander's Church History is printed as far as the year 1294. He has continued the work in manuscript up to the beginning of the fifteenth century, so that Wiclif, Huss, and other important precursors of the Reformation have found a place in it. This las volume of the great work will shortly be printed. But it is not in the department of Church History alone that Neander has laboured: indeed, it is thought by many of his

pupils that his Exegetical Lectures on the New Testament are of more value, if pos -sible, than his historical writings-certainly that they far excel anything of the kind in the existing Commentaries. During his course, he interpreted all the books of the New Testament except the Apocalypse. Preparations are now making to publish the most important of these from the notes taken by the students. Although they must, of course, lack the finish and precision they would have received had the lamented lecturer himself prepared them for the press, they will yet form a most valuable contribution to theology, and will serve to place the scientific pre-eminence of Neander in a new and striking light.

His lectures also upon Doctrines, Ethics, the History of Doctrine, and of Morals, with a Philosophical Survey of Church History, will be very acceptable gifts, as well for general use as for the special benefit of students.

A Successor to Neander.

It is profoundly and universally felt that no survivor of Neander can make good his loss to the University of Berlin. Among the candidates named as most likely to be honoured with a call to his chair are NIEDNER, of Leipsic, ULLMANN, of Heidelberg, and LEHNERDT, of Königsberg. The two former are well and widely known from their theological writings; while Lehnerdt has a high reputation as a lecturer, and has obtained great influence over his students. J. L. JACOBI.

Berlin, October, 1850.

Among the most important late publications on the continent of Europe are the following:

S. Iustini Phil. et Mart. Opera quae feruntur omnia. Ad optimos libros mss. partim nondum collatos recensuit, prolegomenis adnotatione versione instruxit, indices adiecit I. C. Thd. Otto, phil. et theol. Dr., theol. in acad. Ien. professor. Tomi III. Pars I. et II. Opera Iustini subditicia. Editio altera. Ienae, pp. 208, 404, gr. 8. Also under the title: Corpus Apologetarum Christianorum saeculi secundi. Edidit I. C. Thd. Otto. Vol. IV. et V.

Eine Idee über das Studium der Theologie. Von W. M. L. DE WETTE. Dem Druck übergeben und mit einer Vorrede begleitet von Ad. Stieren, Dr. d. Theol. u. Philos., Prof. d. Theol. an der Univ. Jena, Leipzig. 1850. 31 pp.. 8vo.

Zehn Gespräche über Philosophie und Religion; von Ludw. Fürst Solms. Hamburg u. Gotha. Pp. 306. 1850. 8vo.

Ueber die arabische Dichtkunst und das Verhältniss des Islam zum Christenthum. Eine im wissenschaftlichen Verein zu Berlin am 9. Februar gehaltene Vorlesung von Dr. Fr. Dieterici, Docenten an der Universität. Berlin. 1850. pp. 29. 8vo.

Vetus Testamentum graece juxta LXX interpretes. Η παλαιά διαθήκη κατὰ τοὺς ἑβδομήκοντα. Textum Vaticanum Romanum emendatius edidit, argumenta et locos novi testamenti parallelos notavit, omnem lectionis varietatem codicum vetustissimorum Alexandrini, Ephraemi Syri, FridericoAugustani subjunxit, commentationem isagogicam praetexuit Const. Tischendorf, theol. Dr. et Prof. II Tomi. Lipsiae. 1850. Pp. 1272.

Novum Testamentum graece et latine; Car. Lachmannus recensuit Phil. Buttmannus Ph. f. graecae lectionis auctoritates apposuit. Tom. II. Berolini. 1850. Pp. 701. 8vo.

Geschichte der Pasagier, Joachim's von Floris, Amalrich's von Bena und anderer verwandter Sekten; von Dr. C. U. Hahn. Mit 6 lithograph. Tafeln Stuttgart, 1850, pp. 396. 8vo.

Among the new works in theology and kindred subjects recently announced in Great Britain, are the following:

Three Essays: The Reunion and Recognition of Christians in the Life to Come; The Right Love of Creatures and of the Creator; Christian Conversation; by John Sheppard. 12mo., pp. 236:-The Four Gos. pels Combined; or, the Life of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, as narrated by the Four Evangelists. Being a Chronological Arrangement of the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, in the Words of Holy Scripture, according to the Authorized Version, and omitting repetitions only. 12mo. :-Objections to the Doctrine of Israel's Future Restoration to Palestine, National Pre-eminence, &c.; by Edward Swaine. Second edition. Pp. 163:-Analysis and Summary of Old Testament History and the Laws of Moses. 12mo., pp. 516--Discourses and Sayings of our Lord Jesus Christ, illustrated in a Series of Expositions; by Rev. John Brown, D. D. 3 vols., 8vo., pp. 1704:-Light in the Dark Places; or, Memorials of Christian Life in the Middle Ages; translated from the Ger

man of Dr. A. Neander. Fcp., 8vo., pp. 406:-The Gospel in Central America: containing a Sketch of the Country-Physical and Geographical-Historical and Political-Moral and Religious. A History of the Baptist Mission in British Honduras, and of the Introduction of the Bible into the Spanish American Republic of Guatemala; by Frederick Crowe. 12mo. :-Prophetic Studies; or, Lectures on Daniel; by the Rev. John Cumming, D. D. fcp. 8vo:An Analysis and Critical Interpretation of the Hebrew Version of the Book of Genesis; by the Rev. William Paul, A. M.:A Commentary on the Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans; with a new Translation and Notes, by W. W. Ewbank, M. A. To be completed in 2 volumes, post 8vo. Vol. I.-Annotations on the New Testament, Critical, Philosophical, and Explanatory: intended as an Appendix and Supplement to the larger Greek Testament, with English Notes; containing Additional Annotations, Critical, Philological, and Explanatory; by the Rev. S. T. Bloomfield, D. D. 1 vol., 8vo. :-The Church of Christ, in its Ideal Attributes and Ministry: with an especial Reference to the Controversy on the Subject between Romanists and Protestants; by Edward Arthur Litton, M. A: -A System of Theology; by Godfrey William Baron von Leibnitz; translated from the Autograph MS., with an Introduction,

Notes, and Appendix, by Charles William Russell, D. D., Professor of Ecclesiastical History in St. Patrick's College, Maynooth. 1 vol., 8vo. :-An Exposition of the ThirtyNine Articles, Historical and Doctrinal; by Edward Harold Browne, M. A., Prebendary of Exeter. To be completed in two vols. Vol. I. 8vo. :-The Nature and Comparative Value of the Christian Evidences considered Generally, in Eight Sermons preached before the University of Oxford, in the Year MDCCCXLIX, at the Lecture founded by the late Rev. John Bampton, M. A., Canon of Salisbury; by the Rev. John Michell, B. D., Vice Principal of Magdalen Hall, and late Fellow and Tutor of Lincoln College. 8vo. :--The Bible Student's Guide to the more Correct Understanding of the English Translation of the Old Testament, by Reference to the Original Hebrew. By an Alphabetical Arrangement of every English Word in the Authorized Version, the corresponding Hebrew may at once be ascertained, with its Peculiar Signification and Construction; by the Rev. W. Wilson, D. D., Canon of Winchester. 1 vol., 4to. :-A Synopsis of Authorities on the Doctrine of Baptism, &c.; containing Quotations and Abridgments from the Fathers and other Writers of the first Four Centuries; by J. A. Wickham. Esq. With a Preface by the Rev. H. D. Wickham, late Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. 1 vol., 8vo.

are the following:-The Speech of GodThe Word of God-Evangelism-Characteristics of the Age-Unbelief-Church Requisites-Church Provision-MethodismChurch Sanctity-Church Visitations (Revivals)-The Divine Government-Prayer and its Presages.

Cox's translation of Neander's monograph, "The Emperor Julian and his Times," has been published by J. C. Riker, New-York, in a 12mo. volume.

We learn from the Christian Review that Neander's Practical Expositions of St. James and of St. Paul's Epistle to the Philippians, noticed some time since in this Journal, are in process of translation by Mrs. H. C. Couant, and will soon be published. A translation of Hagenbach's Kirchengeschichte des 18 und 19 Jahrhunderte, may also be expected from the same pen.