(20.) KALTSCHMIDT's "School Dictionary of the Latin Language," (Part I., Latin-English; Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, 12mo., pp. 478,) has several decided advantages:-1. It is properly a school dictionary, portable in form, and free from all discussions, and even words, likely to puzzle a school-boy, as it contains only words and phrases occurring in the best Latin authors usually read in schools. 2. It gives, as far as possible, the etymology of every word, not only by tracing it to its Latin or Greek root, but also to roots in the cognate forms of the Indo-Germanic family. 3. It is careful to give the marks of quantity over each syllable where they are needed. The omission of the proper names is a defect in our judgment. As a whole, we know no better school dictionary. (21.) "The Ohio Conference Offering, edited by Rev. MAXWELL P. GADDIS, of the Ohio Conference." (Cincinnati: printed for the editor, 1851; 12mo., pp. 429.) This volume is the fruit of a most laudable and benevolent purpose, as the entire proceeds from its sale are to be devoted to the relief of the widows and orphans of deceased ministers of the Ohio Conference. It consists of two parts, the first containing twenty-five sermons by junior members of the Ohio Conference, and the second including twelve sermons from de ceased ministers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Among the latter we find discourses by Bishop M'Kendree, Rev. W. B. Christie, and Rev. Russel Bigelow,-names that are honoured in all the Churches of the land. The volume is worthy of a most extended circulation, in view as well of its intrinsic excellence, as of the praiseworthy object to which its profits are to be devoted. (22.) "Travels and Adventures in Mexico, by WILLIAM W. Carpenter,” (New-York: Harper & Brothers, 12mo., pp. 300,) is a plain account of the adventures of a private soldier in the late Mexican war, who was taken prisoner by the Mexicans, escaped, and traversed the country to the Pacific. The writer is unskilled in authorcraft, as he states in his preface; but the nar rative is full of incident and adventure. (23.) "Elements of Latin Pronunciation, for the use of Students in Language, Law, Medicine, &c., by S. S. HALDEMAN, A. M., Professor of Natural History in the University of Pennsylvania." (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1851; 12mo., pp. 76.) From the title of this book, one would expect to find it a mere empirical manual to aid the multitudes of young men, who enter upon professional or scientific studies without adequate preparation, in picking their way among the hard names and technicalities which are so formidable to sciolists. A book more ill-adapted to such a purpose could not well have been put together; a book more entirely removed from the sphere of mere empiricism and book-making, has rarely been laid on our table. It is, in fact, the ripe fruit of large study, of rare research, and of an ingenius aptitude and sagacity in the higher walks of philology, most unhappily infrequent in American scholarship. Professor Haldeman is well known to naturalists as one of the most enthusiastic and successful of their class; and the work before us grew out of his pursuit of natural science in one of its richest fields—the field of comparative philology. He accounts for the origin of the work as follows: "In making some inquiries into the phonetic peculiarities of the aboriginal languages of North America, I found myself at a loss, from the want of an alphabet in which to record my results, those of Europe being more or less corrupt; and finding the statements respecting the Latin alphabet to a certain extent contradictory and unsatisfactory, I resolved to investigate it, with the intention of using it strictly according to its Latin signification, as far as this could be ascertained. This special inquiry being made, a view of the results is here presented." In some modest "preliminary remarks," Mr. Haldeman states the object of his work and the materials upon which it is founded, and gives a brief statement of what had been done by previous writers upon the subject. His results, he says, "usually agree with those of his predecessors;" but whether they do or not, his procedure is eminently original, and is precisely the one to lead to "results" that may be relied on. In the body of the work the subject is taken up in the following order: (1) The Alphabet; (2) the Vowels; (3) the Nasal Vowels; (4) the Diphthongs; (5) the Labials; (6) Dentals; (7) Palatals; (8) Gutturals; (9) Glottal Consonants. We cannot enter into details upon these several points; it is enough to say that they are treated throughout with the most conscientious accuracy and scholarly thoroughness-not as by an advocate for any school, but by an honest inquirer after scientific truth. One of the most novel features of the book, and, indeed, one which lies at the root of many of its views, is the "scheme of affinities between the vocal elements in Latin" (§ 35). Under the head of the Vowels, Prof. Haldeman sets forth the form of the Latin vowel characters and their quantity, in what, after long examination of the subject, appears to us the only true light. He exhibits them in the following table : : Could this single table be incorporated into our elementary books, and brought into use in the schools, it would go far towards securing at least a general uniformity in pronunciation. But our limited space will not allow us to go into any further analysis of the work. We trust it will find its way into the hands of every professor of ancient languages in our colleges, and of every teacher in our schools. As a contribution to real philology, it is certainly the most substantial production, in an unpretending form, that has ever issued from the American press. We hope hereafter to return to it, and to a general discussion of the whole subject. (24.) FROM the Methodist Book Concern, Cincinnati, we have received a copy of a very neat Sunday-school hymn-book, (Neuer Liederschatz für die Jugend und Lum Gebrauch in Sonntags-Schulen, 32mo., pp. 160.) We welcome gladly every such publication for the benefit of our immense German popula tion. From the same publishers we have also Betrachtungen über die biblische Geschichte, von W. AHRENS, Prediger in der Ohio Conferenz. (18mo., pp. 256.) This is a sketch of Bible history from the creation to the entrance of the Israelites into Canaan. It is intended for the use of Sunday schools and Bible classes, and is appropriately divided into chapters, and furnished with questions for the purpose. (25.) WE have received a copy of "The Literature and Literary Men of Great Britain and Ireland, by ABRAHAM MILLS, A. M." (New-York: Harper & Brothers, 1851; 2 vols. 8vo., pp. 576 and 598.) The work consists of a series of forty-six lectures on English literature, which have been annually delivered by Mr. Mills for the last twenty years. As it was placed upon our table at the last moment before going to press, we are unable to give any critical estimate of its value. (26.) Or the following addresses, pamphlets, serials, &c., we regret that we can give nothing more than the titles: : Defence of an Essay on the Proper Rendering of the Words Elohim and Ocóc into the Chinese Language. By WILLIAM J. BOONE, D.D., Missionary Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States to China. A Semi-Centennial Sermon, delivered before the New-York East Conference, and published by their request. By Rev. LABAN CLARK. Popular Amusements: a Discourse delivered in the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Winchester, Va., on the afternoon of Whitsunday, June 8th, 1851. By Rev. CHAS. Porterfield KRAUTH, A. M. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, Lima, New-York, for the year ending July 10th, 1851. Nature and Worth of the Science of Church History. An Inaugural Address delivered in the Mercer-street Church, New-York, Feb. 12, 1851. By HENRY B. SMITH, Professor of Church History in the Union Theological Seminary. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the Pennington Seminary of the Methodist Episcopal Church, for the academic year ending Wednesday, Oct. 1, 1851. Address before the Graduates of Washington University, of Baltimore, at the Twenty-sixth Annual Commencement, held March 3, 1851. By THOMAS E. BOND, A. M., M. D. Sixth Annual Report of the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Third Annual Catalogue and Circular of the Newark Wesleyan Institute. Minutes of the Annual Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, for the years 1850-1851. Fourteenth Annual Report of the American and Foreign Bible Society, presented May 9, 1851; with the Minutes of the Annual Meeting, Anniversary Addresses, Correspondence, a list of Auxiliary Societies, Life Directors, and Members, &c. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the Indiana Asbury University, for the year 1850. A Lecture on the Genuineness and Authenticity of the Pentateuch, and several other Books of the Old Testament, its Chronology, Language, &c.; delivered in Emory Chapel, Ellicott's Mills. By the Rev. HENRY M. HARMAN, of Anne Arundel Co., Md. ART. XI.-MISCELLANIES. The relationship sustained toward Christ by "Mary the wife of Cleophas," John xix, 25. "Now there stood beside the cross of Jesus, his mother, and the sister of his mother, Mary the [widow] of Clopas, (Mapía ǹ Toυ Khwяā,) and Mary, the Magdalene." THE first remark we have to make on this text is, that Kiraç has been mistranslated by "Cleophas." It must not be confounded with the name Khoćпaç in Luke xxiv, 18; which is probably a contraction for the true Greek Khɛónarрos, like 'Αντίπας for Αντίπατρος. It is now generally conceded that the name Κλωπας is identical with 'Αλφαῖος, these being only different modes of spelling in Greek the Hebrew name , which we may suppose to have been pronounced either kalpai or halphai, and so corrupted by Galilean provincialism into these two Greek forms. This being assumed, we may identify this Clopas with the Alphaeus mentioned in Matt. x, 3, (and the parallel passages, Mark iii, 18; Luke vi, 15; Acts i, 13,) as the father of one James, and thus ultimately determine the inquiry proposed above; provided we can satisfactorily settle two subsidiary points, the last of which, however, is affirmed by Dr. Neander to be the most difficult in the Gospel history. 1. What affinity existed between the two Marys stated in the above text to have been sisters? Some interpreters distinguish between the terms "the sister of his mother," and "the [widow] of Clopas," as different individuals, thus making four females in the enumeration, instead of three; but the insertion of the distinctive particle kai between each of the other terms, and its omission between these, must fairly be understood as denoting their identity by grammatical apposition. It is manifest, however, that no two sisters-german would have the same name given to them; such an unprecedented oversight would produce continual confusion in the family. Besides, the Law did not allow a man to be married to two own sisters at the same time, (Lev. xviii, 18,) as we shall see would then have been the case here. Nor would either of these objec‐ tions be obviated by supposing these two Marys to have been half-sisters. The only other plausible explanation is, that they are called sisters (that is, sistersin-law) because of their marriage to two brothers respectively, namely, Joseph and Clopas; a supposition that is strengthened by their apparent intimacy with each other, and by their similar connexion with Jesus, intimated by their both remaining near his cross. Clopas (or Alphaeus) seems to have been an elder brother of Joseph, and dying without issue, Joseph apparently married his wife, (probably before his marriage with the Virgin, as he seems to have been much older than the latter,) according to the Levirate law, (Deut. xxv, 5.) On this account, 2. James II. or "the Less," Joseph's oldest son by that marriage, would be styled the [legal] son of Clopas, as well as the [reputed half-] brother of Jesus. This helps to clear up the controversy whether this is the same with "James the Lord's brother." Gal. i, 19. However, the express title of Apostle given the latter in this last passage, as well as in 1 Cor. xv, 7, (compare also Acts ix, 27,) seems decisive as to their identity, no other James being mentioned among the twelve except "James the brother of John," who was no relative (so immediately at least) of Christ. Another question is, whether he was the same with the James mentioned along with Joses, Simon, and Judas as Christ's brothers, in Matt. xiii, 55, and parallel passages. This is almost certain, if the above view of the sisterhood of the two Marys be allowed. Its direct determination depends upon the interpretation of the term "brother" as used in these texts last cited. That the title is intended to be taken in its proper sense, and not in the general signification of kinsman, is pretty clear from its use there, (as well as in John ii, 12; Matt. xii, 46-50; Mark iii, 31-35; Luke viii, 19-21; Acts i, 14,) in explicit connexion with his actual mother, and under relations which imply that they were members of his immediate family; especially as no intimation is there or elsewhere conveyed to the contrary. This inference is sustained by the striking coincidence in the names of the brothers in the list of the Apostles (namely, James, Judas, and apparently Simon, in Luke vi, 15, 16; Acts i, 13) with those in the reference to Christ's brothers, (namely, James, Judas, Simon, and Joses, Matt. xiii, 55, and parallel places ;) and also by the fact that both "James the Less and Joses" are said to be the sons of the same Mary who was the widow of Clopas. (Mark xv, 40, and Matt. xvii, 56, compared with John xix, 25.) Moreover, "the brethren of the Lord," referred to as Apostles in 1 Cor. ix, 5, could have been no other than this James and these his associated brothers. (Compare Jude 1.) This arrangement meets all the statements in the case, and is confirmed by declarations found in early Christian writers, which may be seen in full in Lardner's Works. (Consult the Index.) The only objection of any force against such an adjustment is, that toward the latter part of our Saviour's ministry it is said, "neither did his brethren believe on him," (John vii, 5,) whereas two of them at least are in this way included among his Apostles, (namely, James and Judas, if not Simon;) and although they are mentioned in Acts i, 14, as subsequently yielding to his claims, yet the language in John vii, 7 seems too strong to admit the supposition that those there referred to can then have sustained so prominent a place among his converts. A more likely mode of reconciling these two passages is, to suppose that there were still other brothers besides those chosen as Apostles, not mentioned particularly anywhere, perhaps only Joses and one younger, who may not have believed in him until after his resurrection. Indeed, if three of these "brethren" were Apostles, the language in Acts i, 13, 14, requires such a supposition of additional brothers; for after enumerating the Eleven, (including, as usual, James, Simon and Judas,) it adds "and with his brethren." Whether these unmentioned brothers (as indeed may be said also of the "sisters," and perhaps of Simon) were the children of Mary, Clopas's widow, or of the Virgin Mary, is uncertain; but in the expression, "her first-born son," applied to Jesus, (Luke ii, 7,) as well as in the intimation of limited abstinence in Matt. i, 35, there seems to be implied a reference to other |