stones were, came and pulled up the stones, and placed them over the pipe of a limekiln. There, in consequence of the intense heat and great weight, they broke; whereupon he burnt them into lime in the kiln, though they had formed the boundaries of the grave for many hundred years, and a bad end happened unto him who had thus defaced the grave of the deceased warrior.

After the death of Benlli Gawr, King of Teyrnllwg, St. Germanus anointed Cadell, the young man who had entertained him so hospitably, and made him King of Teyrnllwg, from which circumstance he received the name of Čadell Deyrnllwg, and from him Nennius states. the Kings of Powys descend. This must have occurred either in 447, or in 448, for in that latter year, Germanus left Britain with the Roman Legions and went to Ravenna, where he died July 25, 448. Cadell had nine sons when he became King of Teyrnllwg,

In order to secure himself on the throne of Britain, Gwrtheyrn invited over the Saxons under Hengist and Horsa in 454. And soon afterwards he married Rhonwen or Rowena, the daughter of Hengist, upon whom he bestowed in a drunken fit the Isle of Thanet in Kent. In 464, the Britons succeeded in defeating the Saxons, and then made his son Vortimer or Gwrthevyr, called also Gwrthevyr Fendigaid, King instead of Vortigern; but the former having been poisoned by means of his stepmother in 468, Vortigern was set upon the throne and reigned till 481, when he was attacked by Emrys and Uthyr, the sons of Constantine, in his castle of Goronwyin-Erging on the Wye.

The Brut of G. ab Arthur states, that Gwrtheyrn Gwrtheneu, Prince of Erging and Ewias, became King of Britain after the assassination of King Constans in 385. Haigh in his History of the Conquest of Britain by the Saxons, in 425, and the Brut of G. ab Arthur states, that in 430 Uthyr and Emrys or Ambrosius, the sons of Cystennyn Fendigaid, King of Britain, and brothers of the late King Constans, came with a large army against Vortigern, who fled towards Cymru (Wales) and took up

his quarters in his castle of Goronwy in Erging, which was built on the summit of a mountain, called Mynydd Denarch, on the banks of the river Wye, which river flows from Mynydd Klorach. On their arrival there, Uthyr and Emrys calling to mind that Vortigern had been the cause of the deaths of their father and brother, and had brought the Saxons into the country, they determined to besiege that castle, and to burn it down to the ground; and all that were in the castle, both of men and beasts, were burnt. And Gwrtheyrn was slain and burnt. Other accounts state that in 448, Vortigern was compelled by Uthyr and Aurelius Ambrosius (Emrys) to take refuge in his fortress of Caer Gwrtheyrn in Erging, whither he was accompanied by St. Germanus, who is said to have remained with him to the last, imploring him to repent and make his peace with God. Seeing that remonstrance was in vain, Germanus left the King, and retired to Italy, where he died at Ravenna, 25 July 448. From this it appears that two British Kings, Benlli Gawr and Vortigern, both perished with their garrisons in the conflagration of their respective fortresses, in the same year, from not attending to the advice and the remonstrances of Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre. Other accounts, however, state that Vortigern did not perish in the fortress of Castell Goronwy, or Caer Gwrtheyrn, which last name the fortress may have received in after times, but that he escaped from the conflagration, and died in obscurity at Llanaelhaiarn in Carnarvonshire; where a tomb, in which the bones of a man of large stature were found, which has always been designated as "Bedd Gwrtheyrn", the grave of Vortigern, and the neighbouring valley has ever since borne the name of Nant Gwrtheyrn. One of the names of the traditional burial places of Vortigern is preserved in stanza xl of the collection entitled the "Verses of the Graves," or "Verses of the Warriors", in the Black Book of Caermarthen :—

"EBET yn ystyuacheu,

Y mae paup yny amheu,
Bet gurtheyrn gurtheneu."

Four Ancient Books of Wales, ii, 32.

"The grave in Ystyvachau,

Which everyone suspects to be

The grave of Gwrtheyrn Gwrtheneu."

King Gwrtheyrn Gwrtheneu left issue by his first wife Seveira (the daughter of the Emperor Flavius Clemens Maximus, a Spaniard, who was Governor of Britain in 370, and having defeated and slain the Emperor Gratian, was proclaimed Emperor of Rome, by the army in Britain, in 383, and who was put to death by Theodosius at Aquileia in 388) three sons,-1. Gwrthevyr or Vortimer, King of Britain; 2, Cyndeyrn; and 3, Pascens, King of Buallt.

CYNDEYRN. He bravely fought against the Saxons, and was slain in 457. He was the father of Rhuddfedyl Frych, the father of Rhydwf, the father of Pasgen, whose name is mentioned in the inscription on the column of Eliseg. He was the father of,

CADELL DEYRNLLWG AB PASGEN, King of Teyrnllwg, he had issue, three sons, according to the Harl. MS. 4181. -1, Cyngen, King of Powys or Teyrnllwg; 2, Gwynfyn Frych, Prince of Drewen or Whittington and Maelor; and 3, Iddig, the ancestor of Cywryd ab Cadvan, who bore argent three boars' heads couped sable, armed or and langued gules.

About the year 540, the fatal battle of Cattraeth was fought between the Britons and Saxons, when the former were defeated with such slaughter that, out of 363 British chieftains, three only, of whom one was Aneurin, the son of Caw, Lord of Cwm Cawlyd, escaped with their lives. He was afterwards taken prisoner, loaded with chains, and thrown into a dungeon, from which he was released by Ceneu, the son of Llywarch Hên. The disastrous battle of Cattraeth caused the migration of numbers of Northern Britons to their kindred race in Wales, and Aneurin is said to have found a refuge at the famous college of Cattwg in South Wales; where, about 570, he was treacherously slain by one Eiddin.' The battle of Cattraeth is the subject of a noble heroic

1 Myv. Arch., ii, 65.

poem by Aneurin, which is still extant, and the authenticity of which has been indisputably proved by Sharon Turner, in his Vindication of Ancient British Poems, 8vo., London, 1803. This great poem is entitled the "Gododin", from the Ottadini, which was the name of the British tribe to which Aneurin belonged.

CYNGEN AB CADELL DEYRNLLWG, King of Teyrnllwg. He hospitably entertained and provided for Pabo Post Prydain, a prince of the Northern Britons, and his son Dunawd Ffür, when they were driven from their territories by the Picts and Scots. Dunawd was celebrated in the Triads, with Gwallawg ab Lleenawg, a prince of the plains of Amwythig, or Shrewsbury, and Cynvelin Drwsgl, as the three "Post Cad", or pillars of battle; being so called, because they exceeded all others in military tactics and the laws of war. Dunawd married Dwywe, the daughter of Gwallawg ab Lleenawg.1 He afterwards embraced a religious life, and, in conjunction with his sons, Deiniol, Cynwyl, and Gwarthau, founded the celebrated college or monastery of Bangor is y Coed, on the banks of the Dyfrdwy, or Dee river, in Maelor Saesneg. This institution, which was amply endowed by King Cyngen, and over which Dunawd presided as abbot, was one of the most eminent in the island; and

Gwallawg ab Lleenawg is also styled one of the three "Aerveddawg", or grave-slaughterers of the Isle of Britain; the other two were Selyf ab Cynan Garwyn, King of Powys, and Avaon, the son of Taliesin, and they were so called because they avenged their wrongs, in continuing the slaughter from their graves (Myv. Arch., ii, 69). Among the poems attributed to Taliesin and which are printed in the Myyrian Archaeology, there are two addressed to Gwallawg, in which the scenes of his battles are named, and it is said of him that his fame extended from Caer Clud, or Dunbarton, to Caer Caradawg, or Salusbury. His name also occurs in Llywarch Hên's Elegy on Urien Rheged, and he was one of the three northern kings who united with that prince for the purpose of opposing Ida's successors (see Turner's Anglo-Saxons, b. iii, c. 4). In the Welsh Chronicles he is mentioned as one of the knights at the coronation of King Arthur in 516, and he is recorded to have been slain in the last battle between that sovereign and the Saxons (Brut Gr ab Arthur, Myv. Arch., ii, 320, 347). According to Englynion y Beddau, he was buried on the banks of the river Carrog in Carnarvonshire.

according to Bede, such was the number of the monks, that when they were divided into seven classes under their respective superintendents, none of these classes contained less than three hundred persons, all of whom supported themselves by their own labour.

At this time, we find that there was a king of another part of Powys, named Cynddylan, whose capital was Pengwern Powys, or Shrewsbury, who was the son of Cyndrwyn, King of Powys, who kept his court at Llys Dinwennan, in Caer Einion. Cynddylan hospitably received the warrior bard Llywarch Hên, Prince of the Strath Clyde Britons, who, with his family, was driven from his dominions by the Picts and Scots. Cynddylan was assisted by Llywarch Hên and his sons, in his battles against the Saxons. King Cynddylan was slain with his brother, Cynwraith, in defending a town called Tren, and was buried at Eglwys Bassa, or Baschurch, in 613. Cyngen, King of Teyrnllwg, was succeeded by his son, Brochmael.

BROCHMAEL, surnamed YSGYTHRAWG, King of Powys, is styled in the Brut of Gruffydd ab Arthur "Tywysawg Caer Llion", Prince of Chester. In this Brut we find the following account of this king.

"And at that time, Girioel the Pope sent Austin to the Isle of Britain, to preach to the Saxons, in that part of the island that they had taken possession of, or to prevent their destroying the whole creed and Christianity of the Catholic faith. And Christianity had strengthened itself since the time