and a few drops of this mixture were then forced into the jugular vein of a colt. At the end of five days the animal remained, to all appearances, quite well.

Five days after the first injection, two ounces of the same fluid, containing bacteridia and micrococcus cells, were thrown into the jugular vein of the same animal, by means of a large syringe armed with a small needle-like canula. This was followed by symptoms of fever, without loss of appetite, and the animal appeared soon to recover. On the tenth day after the inoculation, however, fever again set in, the appetite failed, the animal exhibited an unsteady gait, and died during the night.

The following was the result of the autopsy:

In the neck, around those spots where incisions had been made for the purpose of injections, the connective tissue was thickened and infiltrated with serum, exhibiting here and there ecchymosed patches. The jugular vein was filled with a dark-colored blood of the consistence of tar, but otherwise not changed. Lower down on the neck, there was well-marked serous infiltration in parts remote from the point of injection.

On the left shoulder there was extensive extravasation of blood beneath the superficial integument, involving the counective tissue, and extending down beneath the muscles. In the abdominal and thoracic cavities and pericardium slight serous exudation. Numerous ecchymosed patches in the peritoneum, intestines, pleuræ, heart, and lungs. Spleen enlarged, friable and gorged with blood. Liver of a yellowishbrown color, and the microscope showed beginning fatty degeneration in this organ. Kidneys studded with large, yellow, hardened masses; and congested white, fatty degeneration of the epithelial cells of the uriniferous tubules communicated a yellowish gray color to these entire organs. Lymphatic glands enlarged, softened, and several were of a brownish-red color, caused by extravasation of blood. Brain and spinal cord infiltrated with serum, while the minute blood vessels were distended with blood. Ventricles filled with a clear, colorless liquid. The blood was everywhere of a dark-brown color, of the consistence of tar, and contained large numbers of parasitic growths characteristic of charbon.

Here, then, charbon was produced in a colt by the injection of parasites taken from the blood of animals affected with that disease. In this instance the symptoms broke out on the ninth day after the injection, death occurring on the tenth day. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal.

ART. IV. DOES THE PHYSIOLOGICAL LIVER OF THE LIVING ANIMALS CONTAIN OR PRODUCE SUGAR. Criticism upon Dr. AUSTIN FLINT'S, Jr., Experiments. By Dr. F. W. PAVY. England.

Dear Sir: I notice, in your January issue, a communication from Dr. Austin Flint, Jr., entitled "Experiments undertaken for the Purpose of Reconciling some of the Discordant Observations upon the Glycogenic Function of the Liver." Permit me, through you, to make a suggestion to Dr. Flint regarding a portion of the experimental evidence upon which he has relied.

It is toward reconciling Bernard's views and my own, that Dr. Flint's communication is directed. As regards the state of the liver, his results coincide with those I have obtained. He agrees that, during life, the liver is devoid of sugar, but considers, nevertheless, that the liver is a sugarforming organ, and that sugar is discharged from it into the circulatory system. He expresses himself thus in the concluding paragraph of his communication: "During life, the liver contains only the glycogenic matter, and no sugar, because the great mass of blood which is passing through this organ washes out the sugar as fast as it is formed; but after death, or when the circulation is interfered with, the transformation of glycogenic matter into sugar goes on; the sugar is not removed under these conditions, and can then be detected in the substance of the liver."

Now, looking at the experimental evidence upon which this conclusion is founded, I have nothing, as it may be imagined, to say against that portion which refers to the liver. According to the details given, a portion of liver during a living state was obtained, and as quickly as possible placed in a condition for arresting any post-mortem production of sugar. Upon its being tested, Dr. Flint, in harmony with my own results, failed to obtain any decided evidence of saccharine impregnation.

Thus far, then, it is satisfactory to find that our results coincide. I now come to the point upon which they are at variance, and my object in penning these remarks is, to point out that it is, I consider, upon the method of experimental procedure adopted by Dr. Flint that this variance depends.

Notwithstanding Dr. Flint's experiments yielded him specimens of liver free from sugar, yet he speaks of the

blood derived from the liver as having been found to be charged with sugar. In obtaining this result, I observe that the blood was not collected from the hepatic veins until after the preliminary operation for procuring a specimen of liver had been conducted. According to the details given, the following is the process that was adopted: "Immediately after cutting off a portion of the liver, and throwing it into boiling water, the medulla oblongata was broken up; a ligature was applied to the ascending vena cava just above the renal veins; the chest was opened, and a ligature applied to the vena cava just above the opening of the hepatic veins. A specimen of blood was then taken from the hepatic veins."

Now, so quickly is sugar formed in the liver after death, that, after the above method of procedure, I should look for the result that was obtained by Dr. Flint. To procure a representation of the natural state of the blood, as much promptitude is called for in its collection after death as in the case of the liver. Dr. Flint's experiment consisted of two distinct portions, that referring to the liver, and that referring to the blood. If the steps of it had been reversed, and the animal devoted in the first instance to the collection of blood, I think he would have found sugar in the liver, and absent, or nearly absent, in the blood. There is necessarily an expenditure of time involved in placing ligatures upon the veins, as was done by Dr. Flint before collecting the blood. By means of a cathetar, blood may be collected from the inferior cava, at the seat of entrance of the hepatic veins, during life; and, when so collected under a state of tranquility on the part of the animal, it has been found by myself, as well as by others, to present only the same traceable indication of the presence of sugar that is met with in the other parts of the circulatory system.

Sugar, being discharged into the circulation through the hepatic veins, would be at once conveyed to and give a saccharine character to the contents of the right side of the heart, and it was formerly stated that the blood of the right side of the heart in reality presented a saccharine behavior which did not belong to that of the left, the conclusion being founded upon the evidence furnished by the post-mortem state. Now, there is no difficulty in experimenting so as to secure a specimen of blood being obtained from the right side of the heart after death, in what may be regarded its natural state. If, for instance, instantly after the destruction of life

by pitting, the chest be opened, and the heart seized, and a ligature placed around its base, the blood that is detained in its cavities will present the condition belonging to life. In operating in this way, and comparing the blood removed from the right cavities of the organ with a specimen procured from the portal vein, and also some collected previously from the carotid artery during life, I have been unable to discover any appreciable difference of behavior between them. Such, however, is very far from being the case; if only a short time is allowed to elapse after death, before the blood is imprisoned in the heart for collection, on account of the rapidity with which the post-mortem production of sugar in the liver takes place, it requires but a very short time for the contents of the circulatory system between the liver and lungs to acquire a marked saccharine character. It must be remembered that, in the destruction of life by pitting, the cause of death is stoppage of the respiration. The circulation continues for a little while after the destruction of the medulla oblongata has been effected, and thus the sugar found is carried onward from the liver.

I would ask Dr. Flint to alter his mode of experimenting, so as to make it conform to what I conceive to be required to avoid exposure to fallacy, and I think his results will then tally with my own in the case of the blood, as they have done in that of the liver.-N. Y. Med. Jour.

ANALYTICAL DEPARTMENT,

Qui e nuce nucleum esse vult, frangit nucem."-PLAUTUS.

ART. I.-ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS ARTICLES. Published in the Medical Times and Gazette, the British. Medical Journal and the London Lancet, etc. (Original copies.) By Prof. JAS. M. HOLLOWAY, M. D.

Treatment of Enlarged Lymphatic Glands. Mr. Furneaux Jordan, in a paper before the British Medical Journal, proposes a new method of counter-irritation for the cure of this

troublesome affection, which, he asserts, has never been known to fail even after other plans of treatment have been unavailing. He regards the ordinary enlargement of lymphatic glands as due to inflammatory action. This enlargement can be made to disappear by counter-irritation, if only the proper locality is selected. For instance, when the cervical glands are enlarged, the counter-irritant should not be made over them, but to parts adjacent. A large patch of iodine irritation should be applied to the back of the neck and extended downward between the shoulders. At intervals, during the day, while the patient is recumbent, a bag of shot of proper size should be placed over the glands, and allowed to remain for a considerable length of time. One advantage of counter-irritation is this, it gives certain and immediate relief to pain.

On the Treatment of Hæmorrhoids by Taxis. Mr. McLean, before the same society, read a paper on the subject named above, in which he adopted the views of Erichsen, in regard to the pathology of hæmorrhoids. All kinds of piles are composed of a sac or cells with fluid contents; so long as this fluid remains, suffering persists. Generally, piles are neglected by the sufferer until the disease has assumed a stage when the ordinary remedies are useless, and when they are seen by the surgeon, active procedure is required. He recommends "an obvious, though hitherto unknown, treatment," which consists in emptying the sac or cells of their contents by taxis. [This method has been in common use by American surgeons for many years. H.]

He suggests the following plan, as the best for accomplishing the taxis. When the tumors are external, steam fomentation should be employed until the tumors are softened and the irritation lessened. Then taking a piece of soft, well-oiled cloth, one of the tumors should be enveloped by it, and with two fingers and a thumb, the fundus should be gently and steadily grasped. With a kneading movement the tumor should be pressed toward the mouth of the