1st January, 1828; so that 30,000,000 shall be paid during each of the first 4 years, and 40,000,000 during each of the 2 last. The term of these instalments may be curtailed, with the approbation of the Legislative Section that shall be established in New Spain.

XII. New Spain and the other Territories comprehended in the Legislative Section thereof, likewise bind themselves to contribute to the Naval Expenses of the Peninsula, the sum of 40,000,000 of reals, Annually. The payment of this sum shall commence from the time when the Legislative Section shall first assemble, and shall be delivered at farthest at the expiration of a Year from that period: this sum shall be augmented as soon as the circumstances of New Spain shall permit, and, together with the sums mentioned in the preceding Article, shall be placed at the disposal of the Peninsula, in one of the Ports of New Spain in the Gulf of Mexico.

XIII. The other Countries of America, comprised in the other 2 Legislative Sections, shall contribute towards the Peninsula, in the manner that shall be hereafter fixed upon, and according to their circumstances.

XIV. New Spain takes upon itself the payment of all the Publick Debt contracted within its Territory, by its Government, or Agents duly authorized in its name; the Lands, Revenues, and other Property of the State, of whatever nature, without prejudice to the XIth Article, shall serve as an hypothecation of what has been stipulated in the said Article.

XV. The Deputies of the respective Sections, at the time of taking the Oath to observe, and cause to be observed, the Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy, shall also engage to comply with this Law, and to cause it to be executed.

68. SAN MARTÍN DECLINES THE SUPREME COMMAND OF THE PERUVIAN ARMY

[Lima, September 20, 1822. Thomas Sutcliffe, Sixteen Years in Chile and Peru, from 1822 to 1839 (1842), 61. By the retired governor of Juan Fernandez. Published by Fisher, Son, and Company, London and Paris.]

San Martín and Simón Bolívar met at Guayaquil in the month of July, 1822. It is not known what actually occurred at that meeting. It is plain, however, that there must have been a

difference between them over fundamental principles of government. San Martín withdrew, leaving to Bolívar the task of completing the movement for independence. When the Peruvian congress met, San Martín resigned his dictatorial powers and refused to accept the appointment as supreme commander of the army of that republic. He considered that the appointment would be "incompatible with the perfect independence which he knew to be the general wish of the people." The congress decreed on December 22, 1822, that "the Generalissimo of the forces of Peru, Don José de San Martín, be distinguished with the title of 'Founder of the Liberty of Peru'; that he retain the privilege of wearing the 'bicolor cordon,' which was the insignia of the supreme chief of the state; that in every part of the territories of the nation be paid to him the same honours as to the chief executive power; that, on the conclusion of the war, a statue be raised, on the pedestal of which to be engraved an appropriate inscription; in the meantime, his bust to be placed in the national library; that he shall enjoy his former pay; and that a pension for life, in imitation of that of Washington, shall be granted, in conformity to the decision of the committee."1 A pension of twenty thousand dollars was likewise decreed him by the same body. To the president of the Peruvian congress, Señor Xavier de Luna Pizarro, in reply to the offer of that body to assume the supreme command of its military forces, San Martín declared:

I am resolved not to betray my own feelings, and the great interests of the nation. Permit me, therefore, to observe, that long and painful experience has induced me to say, that the distinguished rank to which your sovereignty has deigned to elevate me, so far from being useful to the nation, should I fill it, would only oppose your just designs, by alarming the jealousy of those who desire a positive liberty; it would divide the opinions of the people, and decrease the confidence which you alone ought to inspire in the absolute independence of your decisions. My presence, sire, in Peru, considering that

1 Sutcliffe, Sixteen Years in Chile and Peru..., 62.

power which I have left, and the force which I should possess, is inconsistent with the morale of the sovereign body, and with my own opinion; because no forbearance on my own part would defend me from the shafts of malediction and calumny. Sire, I have fulfilled the sacred promise that I made to Peru; I have seen her representatives assembled; the force of the enemy does not menace the independence of a people determined to be free, and who possess the means of being so. A numerous army, under the direction of chiefs inured to war, is ready to march in a few days to terminate the contest for ever. Nothing remains but to offer to your sovereignty the expression of my most sincere gratitude, and the firm assurance, that if at any time the liberty of the Peruvians should be threatened, I will dispute the honour of accompanying them as a citizen, to defend their freedom on the field of battle.

69. SAN MARTÍN'S FAREWELL ADDRESS TO THE PEOPLE

OF PERU

[Pueblo-libre, September 20, 1822. Thomas Sutcliffe, Sixteen Years in Chile and Peru... (1842), 59–60. Published by Fisher, Son, and Company, London and Paris.]

San Martín also issued a farewell address to the Peruvian people on the same day that he declined the supreme command of the army. The document was as follows:

Peruvians! I have witnessed the declaration of the independence of the states of Chile and Peru. I hold in my possession the standard which Pizarro brought to enslave the empire of the Incas, and I have ceased to be a public man; thus I am rewarded for ten years spent in revolution and warfare. My promises to the countries in which I warred are fulfilled: to make them independent, and to leave to their will the election of their governments.

The presence of fortunate soldier, however disinterested he may be, is dangerous to newly constituted states. I am also disgusted with hearing that I wish to make myself a sovereign. Nevertheless, I shall always be ready to make the last sacrifice for the liberty of the country but in the capacity of a private individual and no other. With respect to my public conduct, my compatriots (as is generally

the case) will be divided in their opinions; their children will pronounce the true verdict.

Peruvians! I leave your national representation established: if you repose implicit confidence in it, you will triumph; if not, anarchy will swallow you up.

May success preside over your destinies, and may they be crowned with felicity and peace!

Pueblo-libre, September 20 de 1822.

(Signed) SAN MARTÍN

70. LETTER FROM BOLÍVAR TO RIVA-AGÜERO

[Lima, September 4, 1823. The Annual Register or a View of the History, Politics, and Literature of the Year 1823, LXV (1824), 251-252. Published by Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, London. In O'Leary's Memorias, XXVIII, 220–221.]

When San Martín resigned as dictator of Peru in September, 1822, the congress appointed a Junta Gubernativa. This executive council was composed of José La Mar, Felipe Antonio Alvarado, and the Count of Vista Florida. Military reverses at Toratá and Moquehua made this triumvirate unpopular, and determined efforts were made to cause the congress to depose it. However, it was not until the army, under command of General Andrés Santa Cruz, forced the congress to act that the Junta was deposed. The congress then appointed Colonel José de la Riva-Agüero as president of Peru. Dissensions between him and the congress soon followed, and he dissolved it. The congress reassembled, however, within a short time, deposed RivaAgüero on June 19, 1823, and appointed as his successor José Bernardo Tagle, Marquis of Torre Tagle. Sir Clements R. Markham took the view that this deposition was illegal and the results of the intrigues of José de Sucre, who sought to undermine the government of Riva-Agüero in order to make place for Bolívar. He also claimed that Torre Tagle was a weak man and the tool of the party in opposition to Riva-Agüero. General Sucre, as commander of the military forces, was the real power in the republic. He ordered both the congress and Riva-Agüero

to leave Callao and go to Trujillo because they interfered with the military defense of Callao. Bolívar came to Lima on September 1, 1823, and proceeded to bring about peace between the two factions. Congress conferred on him the necessary powers. He made it plain, however, that he had come to Peru for one purpose, and that was to defeat the Spanish forces and not to meddle in the domestic affairs of the republic. But he felt that it was necessary to secure the support of Riva-Agüero and his faction. He accordingly addressed to Riva-Agüero the letter which is here given. The deposed president, however, refused to accede to the wishes of the Liberator and continued obdurate. Finally, after more than two months of negotiations, Bolívar decided to use force to compel him to desist from his hostile activities against the plans for the defeat of the Spanish. Riva-Agüero was arrested, imprisoned, and later permitted to leave the country on the condition that he retire to some European country. Markham claims that Riva-Agüero owed his escape from death to the action of La Fuente, who had been one of his commanders and who, being sent to seize him at Trujillo, did not carry out the secret order for his execution but permitted him to leave. Riva-Agüero returned to Lima in 1831, and in 1832 the Supreme Tribunal of that city absolved him of the charges brought against him in connection with the presidency of 1823. He died in 1858.

My dear Friend, It is with infinite pain that I have to address you on a matter the most unpleasant, and at the same time the most momentous which can occur in the life of a public character.

It is unnecessary at this period to enter into an investigation of the cause of differences between yourself and the Congress, or even to analyze the character of it. The fact is, you are now at open war with the national representatives of your country. This representative assembly was convoked by the founder of its liberty, and has been acknowledged by the public authorities and people of Peru. You yourself owed your elevation to the presidency of this assembly. It is therefore beyond all doubt, that the authority of a body elected by