dertook the prosecution of the anatomical department; and in their public and private demonstrations, he always made the dissections, and Gall explained them to the students.

Before he united with Gall he had terminated his studies in the medical schools; he was, therefore, at full liberty to devote all his time and intelligence to the science, which, even at its first opening upon him, had fascinated his understanding; and which continued through life his occupation, his pleasure, and, in a double sense, his glory. With redoubled zeal, and accumulated power, they pursued their investigations together. Their reflections on the existence of so many specific memories, altogether different, soon led them to a discovery still more important. They observed that those who possessed a peculiar memory were gratified in exerting it, and felt a pleasure in pursuing the objects connected with it. Those endowed with a verbal memory had a strong propensity to exercise it in recitation, or in the study of languages; while those who were remarkable for a local memory, entertained a similar inclination to visit a variety of places, and observe and compare the diversified relations of sensible space, and so of the memory of persons, tunes, facts, &c. It therefore naturally occurred to their understandings, that the organs of the mind are very different from those supposed by philosophers, from Aristotle down to Locke, Reid, and Stewart; and that there is not a general perception which takes cogni zance of all sensations a general memory which re

tains the recollection of names, numbers, places, tunes, facts, and every kind of object—a general imagination, which combines them in new forms, and a general judgment which compares and ascertains their differences; but, that the organ of language, the organ of space, the organ of number, the organ of music, are gifted, at once, with their own separate and distinct perception, memory, imagination, and judgment, and actuated by a propensity to exercise their respective faculties on their appropriate objects. They, therefore, were led to believe, that each organ was devoted to a special purpose, not hitherto imagined by philosophers; and, in subservience to that purpose, was separately endowed with all the faculties, which, till now, were ascribed to the understanding at large.

Animals, whose intellectual powers are so much inferior to those of man, obviously possess perception, memory, judgment, and imagination, though restricted within a narrow and limited range of exercise. But, they can neither abstract, nor generalize, nor discern the relation of cause and effect. It may then be considered an argument for the existence of those separate and peculiar powers of perception, memory, judgment, and imagination, that other animals possess those gifts as well as man, in proportion to the organs with which they are endowed, whether few or numerous. But if they can exercise their understandings in comparing such objects as are under the cognizance of any one of their organs, and even exerting the power of invention

in a partial and unconnected manner, they can probably go no farther. They cannot, like man, bring into one general comparison the divers objects of all their organs; and analyze, select, and combine, the similar and kindred, the remote and heterogeneous materials of invention, scattered through different regions of the brain. Man, alone, enjoys this privilege; and it became the first object of the united labors of these philosophers to discover the organ of this important faculty. Among men remarkable for the talent of illustrating one circumstance by another, and bringing together particulars that create a reciprocal light, they found the organ of comparison.-Among those who studied the philosophy of mind and the phenomena of nature, they found the organ of causality.

Gall had been led to the discovery of all the organs he had yet ascertained, by observing the actions of individuals, and attending to their mental operations in a state of activity; such, for example, as the facility in recollecting and repeating whatever series of words had been committed to memory-skill in the mechanical arts, designing, and music-the exercise of memory in respect of places, persons, numbers, events and phenomena-the propensity to travel, to calculate, to search after knowledge, to compare the analogies of things, to ascend to causes, to descend to effects. These several faculties during their activity and manifestation in individuals, betrayed one after another the seat of their respective organs. It was, therefore, not surprising, that

Gall, when he abandoned the beaten track of the schools, after an irksome and unprofitable search for general organs of memory, judgment, and imagination, should seize with eagerness, the conjecture, that every class of actions might have an appropriate organ in the brain. In considering, therefore, the most striking and energetic actions of men, he noticed rapine, murder, and lust-he observed benevolence, justice, and piety -unshaken firmness, and hesitating caution-pride wrapped in its own opinion, ambition wrapped in the opinions of others—cunning, that succeeds in the darkviolence, courage, and magnanimity, that disdain any but an open triumph. He visited the prisons, the hospitals, the schools, and the churches of Vienna; and he found organs which he did not hesitate to name as the organs of theft, murder, and cunning, benevolence, and religion. He considered the actions of men, whether good or evil, as necessarily flowing from the organization they received from nature, without adverting to the primitive power their organs were destined to exercise in a healthy and unvitiated state. But as no man is a universal genius, it was here his philosophy was eclipsed by that of his coadjutor. Spurzheim had the merit of pointing out the primitive powers of the different organs, and discriminating between the institutions of God, and the abuses of those institutions.

Gall continued to lecture in his own house, at Vienna, until the government of Austria, in 1802, thought proper to interdict his lectures. He lingered, howev

er, for three years in that city: but, at length, on the 6th of March, 1805, he and his fellow-laborer took their departure together, with the intention, however, of returning to this, their home, if a more liberal spirit should arise. But this spirit has not yet arisen in Austria. They first visited the parents of Gall, who resided at Tiefenbrun, near Pforsheim, in Swabia; and various invitations from the northern universities of Germany, induced them to go from place to place, disseminating their doctrines, making new observations, collecting facts in every region they visited, satisfying public curiosity, which had become intense on the subject, and establishing a renown which may now bid defiance to every assailant.

Their first scientific visit was to Berlin, which they entered on the 17th of April, 1805. There they pursued their phrenological investigations in the prisons and hospitals; and repeated their anatomical demonstrations in the presence of the medical professors and numerous auditors. Outlines of their lectures were published by Professor Bischoff. From Berlin they went to Potsdam, thence to Leipzig, Dresden, and Halle. At Halle, their lectures and demonstrations were attended by the very Reil from whom they were charged with pillaging the self-same discoveries, in the structure of the brain, which, on that occasion, they taught him, both in public and private dissections.— His own acknowledgements were, I have seen more in the anatomical demonstrations of the brain, by Gall,