animals rests specifically in the greater number and superior nature of the faculties he enjoys. They have many organs in common; those which he possesses and of which they are destitute, constitute the obvious and immutable distinction between them.

All the organs displayed at the side of the human head seem connected with the subsistence and preservation of the individual, and are common also to brutes. ALIMENTIVENESS, the last which was admitted, incites to nourishment, and dictates the choice of food, apparently is the primary propensity of the group : the next is SECRETIVENESS, or cunning, that lies in wait for the prey, and eludes the pursuer-then DESTRUCTIVENESS, that slaughters the victim, and takes pleasure in carnage-CAUTIOUSNESS, that holds back both depredator and victim from a more powerful antagonist-and ACQUISITIVENESS, that seeks until it obtains, and then hoards the spoil for use.

Those at the back of the head are all requisite to the perpetuation of the species, and the formation or advancement of society; and are also appropriate to brutes as well as man. The FIRST is that propensity which reiterates the behest of the Deity, 'Be fruitful and multiply, and replenish the earth.' The SECOND is intended to cherish the early and tender production; and insure its preservation by an irresistible impulse, The THIRD knits affection and attachment between individuals-husband and wife, brother and sister, friend and friend. Without this

THE LOVE OF OFFSPRING.

instrument of Providence, there would be polygamy, but no marriage; there would be children, but no family. The FOURTH, whether called INHABITIVENESS with Spurzheim, or CONCENTRATIVENESS with Combe,* appears in its primitive power to be intended to concentrate all these faculties, to bind fainily and family together, and form of a great portion of the various dwellers upon earth, flocks and herds, communities and nations.

The FIFTH is COMBATIVENESS, so frequently employed in the cause of all those objects of love, mistress or wife, children or friends, party, sect, or country. The LOVE OF APPROBATION is the sixth. It wins its way in private and in public, with the fluctuating popu

or

* Perhaps the best name for this organ, as best indicating its primitive power, would be the social affection,' 'the love of society,' 'the propensity to associate.' It is remarkable that Gall confounded this organ with self-esteem in animals that were destitute of the latter faculty. In man, self-esteem is the highest organ of the posterior part of the head; and in quadrupeds that have it not, the organ in question necessarily assumes its place. The chamois was the animal that occasioned Gall's erroneous conclusion that the love of physical elevation in these creatures is the same propensity as pride in man. But though the chamois be fond of physical height, he is also attached to society, and, wild as he is, he chooses to live in flocks. The latter propensity and not the former is obviously the power of this organ.

Negroes and in the the French, for inLet others decide

Spurzheim observes, that it is larger in Celtic tribes than in the Teutonic races: in stance, it is larger than in the Germans.' whether this distinction confirms, or not, the social character of this organ.

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lace, or society at large, by endeavoring to please, by courting applause, by deserving, or appearing to deserve the public favor. In little minds and on a narrow scene, it is Vanity-in great minds and on a mighty theatre, it is Ambition. How dull andl ethean the soul of nations, if not put into motion by these spirit-stirring

actors!

The SEVENTH and last is SELF-ESTEEM.

It does not win, but subdue society. It arrogates, it monopolizes, it becomes despotic; but these are abuses of its power. It was intended to exalt the consciousness of virtue, and render more dignified the assertion of those exalted talents, extraordinary acquirements, and beneficent projects, by which the happiness of a people may be established. In an humbler arena this abuse of the feeling is Pride or Arrogance. The feeling itself has been observed among other species inferior to manso also has the Love of approbation. These more abject societies are not, perhaps, exempt, any more than mankind, from the scourge of their abuses.

In these two regions of the head the organs of man and those of other animals, whose nature most approximates to his, afford but little room for drawing a line of distinction between him and them. Not so in the region of the forehead and its confines. It is true they enjoy nearly as many of those intellectual powers as man; but few in the same perfection. In the external senses, alone, some few of them excel him. In those which give a cognizance of existing things and their

relations to each other, which facilitate a communication between mind and mind, or which prompt to the exertion of skill and intelligence, for the acquisition of comforts or enjoyments, he is, beyond all comparison, their superior. INDIVIDUALITY, and its adjunct, SPACE, which in them but confirms the evidence of the senses as to the existence of external things, and confers on some few of them the capability of a narrow education, yields him that insatiable curiosity, that restless thirst of universal knowledge, which exhausts the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, imbibes all the information this diversified globe can supply, and impels him to scale the heavens, and take note of all the wonders of the starry Infinite.

EVENTUALITY, with its adjunct TIME, which in them embraces only the present moment, or the present scene, or perhaps looks back for a day or possibly a year, and scarcely looks forward at all-in him comprehends the history of his species in every portion of the earth, the revolutions of that earth itself, before history had a name; and anticipates, not only the changes of futurity, but ventures to penetrate, with hope, even the secrets of eternity.

The organ of FORM, and its adjuncts, SIZE and WEIGHT, the organs of COLOR and CONSTRUCTIVENESS enable them to distinguish individuals, and know familiar objects from strange-to preserve their own equilibrium-to take pleasure in each other's striped and spotted skins or splendid plumage—to dig a borough,

build a nest, or erect a hut; but in him these powers stimulate to new creations: the impulse of the first, aided no doubt by still superior faculties, shapes the marble into beauty, and almost inspires it with life ; the second flashes the colors over the canvass, and brings back to our admiring eyes, in all their living energy, from times long past, deeds of heroic adventure, or the hallowed displays of Divine Benevolence; while the third elevates the palace in all its architectural splendor, or dedicates a temple, crowned with magnificence, to Him whom the heaven of heavens cannot contain.'

TUNE, in the inferior animals, is confined to the song of birds. In man it extends, in variety, from the wild melodies of the Indian to the mirthful or pathetic airs of the Scottish, Welsh, and Irish, the exquisite science of German and Italian sonatas, the fascinating operas of Mozart and Rossini, and all the omnipotence of harmony in the divine oratorios of Haydn and Handel.

Still more confined are the powers of the faculty of LANGUAGE in brutes. They, however, utter sounds which each individual of the species understands.They also employ all the gestures of natural language, and even comprehend the few familiar words with which they are habitually addressed. It is not, therefore, irrational to ascribe to them this organ; particularly as Spurzheim found that such individuals among the deaf and dumb of the human species, as possessed