tion are of little comparative importance, except so far as they regard the just expectation of a future state, and the pure homage of the Creator. But, supposing that these organs were primarily designed for those specific objects, it appears necessary, from analogy, that their respective powers should be unrestricted; and that Hope should embrace every kind of hope, worldly and unworldly-and Veneration, every kind of veneration, human and divine.

Far removed from the participation of other animals, is also CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. This potent monitor impels us to our duties, in spite of every seduction of those feelings, which we inherit in common with the brutes. It is supported by the organ of FIRMNEss, as if it was intended that they should unite to proclaim, in the most pithy and intelligible language, that grand moral maxim, 'BE JUST and FEAR NOT.'

Lastly, in the centre of the crown is VENERATION, that irresistible power which propels man to the worship of God, or in derogation of the omnipotent, omniscient, universal Father, whatever being, he chooses in his folly, to call God-to seat beside him on his throneor even substitute in his place. The highest prerogative of rational beings is to KNOW the only true God, and kindle to him, in this organ, the incense of their adoration. They have two roads by which to obtain this knowledge-the study of Scripture, and the study of the Universe. In both these records it will be found that the God of Revelation and Nature is one

God, and that there is none other but HE. Until this truth be acknowledged, the blind energy of this organ but ignorantly worships THE UNKNOwn God.

Such are the numerous and manifest distinctions, established by phrenology, between man and inferior creatures; and, unlike the deductions of the old philosophy, are corroborated and confirmed in every instance by nature. Nor are the mental differences between the different species of animals less striking. The nearer their nature approximates to his, the more propensities and powers they enjoy; they stand lower in the scale, as the number and importance of their organs are reduced. Few animals possess Self

esteem, or the Love of approbation, which appear to be restricted to a small number of the social tribes. These also possess Benevolence, but are destitute of Destructiveness;-the solitary savage tribes possess Destructiveness, but are destitute of Benevolence. This observation applies to birds as well as quadrupeds. Constructiveness is rare among quadrupeds, but common among birds. Acquisitiveness is rare or common, in these different classes, nearly in the same proportion. Secretiveness and Cautiousness are frequent appendages of timid and solitary creatures. Cautiousness is never absent from the circumspect and watchful, which herd together in wilds and mountains. The cerebellum is never absent in quadrupeds-in birds it is transversely furrowed, but not divided into two lobes.

Indeed, in all oviparous creatures, it seems to be reduced to the vermiform process. Granivorous birds seem, however, to possess much the same organization as herbivorous quadrupeds, and the carnivorous have many points of resemblance with carnivorous quadrupeds. The most common propensity among birds is Philoprogenitiveness; Attachment is very general. Tune is enjoyed by many species, and locality must be the propelling faculty in every tribe that migrates.

This faculty is manifested also in many families of fishes-but Destructiveness seems to be their prevalent organ. In the shark it must occupy almost the whole mass of the cerebrum. In this class the cerebellum is large in proportion to the cerebrum, and in some instances exceeds it in size. Their history would indicate that they have little or no Philoprogenitiveness. It is said they enjoy all the senses but taste. The brain of reptiles, like that of fishes, occupies but a small part of the cranium. In a crocodile of fourteen feet length, the cavity will hardly admit the thumb. Like the shark's, this brain must be little more than an organ of Destructiveness. The same

observation applies to the several tribes of serpents, particularly the poisonous. All reptiles swallow entire animals, and do not masticate their food. They exhibit great voracity, but also a wonderful power of

abstinence.

Lower than the reptiles, in fact in the lowest class, the mollusca, creatures are to be found with brains.

The most horrible of the productions of

nature, is The eight

perhaps, the octopus of the Indian seas. arms of this monster are said to be nine fathoms in length; and the Indian boatmen are for ever in terror of being entangled in their grasp, and conveyed into a stomach of proportionate dimensions and voracity. Other species of the cuttle-fish are represented as defending their females, and escaping from danger by discharging an inky liquid, which discolors the sea, and baffles the pursuit of their enemy. But no victim can elude the vigilance of their huge glaring eyes, or the tenacity of their widely extended holders, armed with suckers like mouths.

All these classes possess a brain, and (with the exception of the monsters just alluded to) a spinal cord, and a system of nerves. Where there is a head, there is no difficulty in supposing a mind ;* and we can readily measure the extent of that mind, by the knowledge we have of the propensities and powers of which it is compounded, and such perception, memory, judgment, and imagination, as may reasonably be conceived as the

* It is necessary to observe, that MIND here, does not mean soul; a confusion of terms not confined to the ignorant, but employed even by philosophers. The subject has been largely discussed in 'An Essay on such Physical Considerations as are connected with Man's ultimate destination, the essential constitution of Superior Beings, and the presumptive unity of Nature.' But the views insisted on, in that Essay, have no necessary connexion with phrenology, except so far as one series of truths may be connected with another. A phrenologist may be a very good phrenologist, whether he adopts or rejects the views of the author.

concomitants of these propensities and powers. But where there is no head, or such a diminutive one as can scarcely form a receptacle for a brain, we are lost in perplexity. The bee, the ant, and various other insects, evince great mental powers; but whether they reside in their diminutive heads, or in the nervous filaments, that the microscope has detected in their bodies, must long remain a mystery. Their constructiveness, acquisitiveness, locality, and combativeness, are well worthy to be lodged in a brain: but if they are confined to microscopic threads, then these threads may well be considered analogous to the ultimate fibres of the cerebral organs, endowed with similar powers.

Worms have no distinguishable head; and whatever mind they enjoy must emanate from the great sympathetic nerve, which, with its adjuncts, occupies their interior. But various other animals are even destitute of a nerve; and whatever nervous matter enters into their composition, is diffused through their flesh, undistinguishable from the rest of the mass. Oysters and other bivalves open and close their shells, and fatten on whatever meagre nourishment salt water can supply.

Actinea, which seem to grow like flowers on the rocks, and so closely resemble the anemony, the carnation, and the sunflower, that they are distinguished by these names, can walk upon their tentacula, and, for this purpose, invert themselves, and their bases